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Muhammad was trouble by the lack of morallity in Mecca, his hometown. He went to a cave in the where he would meditate. There he heard the voice of the angel of Gabriel calling him to be a messenger of God.
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When Muhammed was faced with threat of murder when his religion of one God was rejected by most of Mecca he traveled with his followers to Yathrib know as the Hijra.
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Muhammad's death led to uncertaincy because of his death being unexpected he had left no successor and then conflict arose through the Muslim community on who should be leader.
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Abu-bakr was the father-in-law of the prophet Muhammad who later became his successor and first caliph of the Muslim community. Problems arose whem Abu-bakr was not accepted by some of the Muslims and had to work hard to earn the respect of them.
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When Muhammad did not leave a successor there was a difference in belief of who should be caliph. Some Muslims belived that the caliph had to be a descendant of Muhammad while others believed it could be any good Muslim. This led to the split between Sunni and Shia
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Ali was the the son-in-law of Muhammad the people who followed him thought Muhammad's successor should be his decendants therefore the people who followed Ali were known as Shiites. Ali died in around 661
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The Umayyad Dynasty started after the death of Ali in 661. The Umayyad Dynasty were full of Sunni caliphs that ruled the Muslim Empire until 750. They led conquest to expand the Muslim Empire from Spain to Morroco.
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The fall of Umayyad Dynasty was caused by the rise of Abbasids. They went to the Muslim Empire and killed the Umayyad family until they wiped out the whole family in 750.
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The Abbasids were next to rule The Muslim Empire after killing the Umayyad family. They chanaged the empire by attempting to make equality of all Muslims so that there would be no difference in the religion. The new rulers had also halted large military conquests.
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Abbasids moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. Baghdad was a small market town along the Tigris river. This allowed Persians to hold important offices in the caliphs office.
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The House of Wisdom was a learning institue in Baghdad in which scientific and medical text were translated. This was during the golden age of Ismalic science in a way of spreading knowledge learned
