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Muhammad dies, but the faith he proclaimed continued to spread. He was assassinated for the struggle of leadership.
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Mu'awiya, founder of the Umayyad dynasty, becomes the caliph and moves the capital from Mecca to Damascus.
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Muslims enter Spain. Crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into Spain then to France.
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Muslims were defeated in the battle of Tours.
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The Umayyad family dynasty they created after Ali's death fell apart.
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Abbassid's control over the Arab empire fragmented. The Caliph's power faded.
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Seljuk Turks migrated into the middle east from Central Asia. Adopted Islam and built a large empire.
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A Seljuk sultan left the Abbassid caliph.
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Seljuk interference with Christian pilgrimages traveling to Jerusalem caused Pope Urban II to call the First Crusade.
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After the long bloody battle, the Christian crusaders conquered Jerusalem. Muslims and Christians passed the city back and forth for 150 years.
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The Muslim general Salah al-Din ousted the Christians and recaptured Jerusalem.
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The Sixth Crusade.
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The Mongol chief Hulegu, attacks Baghdad, massacring the population and killing the last Abbasid caliph.
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The last Muslims in Sicily are forcibly converted to Christianity.
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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, end Muslim rule in Spain by conquering Granada. The last Muslim stronghold.
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Death of Selim I, Ottoman sultan. Selim became the first Ottoman caliph and doubled the size of the Ottoman empire.
