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The Seljuk sultans marched on the Byzantine Empire. At the Battle of Manzikert, Turkish forces crushed the Byzantine defender.
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Unexpected death of Malik Shah. This caused the Seljuk Empire to quickly disintegrate into a loose collection of minor kingdoms because no capable shah appeared to replace him.
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Persian armies moved into Baghdad and put an end to the power of the caliph. The caliph continued as the religious leader of Islam, but gave up all his political power to the new Perisan ruler.