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Malik Shan ruled as the last of the stroong Seljuk leaders. After his unexpected death in 1092, no capable Shan appeared to replace him.
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The crusades—the numerous clahes between Christians and Muslims for control of holy lands of the middle east that began in 1095.
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During the late 1320's, Moscow's prince Ivan I had earned the gratitude of the Mongols by helping to crush a Russian revolt against Mongol Rule.
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