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Haitian Revolution
Toussaint L'Ouverture lead 100,000 enslave enslaved Africans to revolt. He was the best but he got the job done. In January 1802, 30,000 French troops landed in Saint Domingue to remove Toussaint from power. In May, he agreed to halt the revolution in exchange for the end of slavery. However, the troops accused him of planning another uprising and sent him away to a prison in French Alps, where he died. But, his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines fought for the freedom and won on January 1 1804 -
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Romanticism
In the 1840s, in England, but the movement had been around since the late 18th century, primarily in Literature and Arts. In England, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats, and Byron typified Romanticism. In France, the movement was led by men like Victor Hugo, who wrote the Hunchback of Notre Dame. Although it knew no national boundaries, Romanticism was especially prevalent in Germany, spearheaded by artists like Goethe and thinkers such as Hegel. It was like the Renaissance. -
Haitian Revolution
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Brazilian Independence
Dom Pedro, King John's son, stayed behind in Brazil. King John planned to make Brazil a colony again. However, many Brazilians could not accept a return to colonial status. In 1822, creoles demanded Brazil's independence from Portugal. Eight thousand Brazilians signed a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule. He agreed. On September 7, 1822, he officially declared Brazil's independence. Brazil had won its independence in a bloodless revolution. -
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Mexican War of Independence
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or “Cry of Dolores," and his populist army came close to capturing the Mexican capital. Agustín de Iturbide, the leader of the Royalist forces, negotiated the Plan of Iguala with Vicente Guerrero. Under that plan, Mexico would be established as an independent constitutional monarchy. Iturbide defeated the Royalist forces still opposed to independence. -
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Latin American Wars of Independence (NORTH)
The South America wars of independence rested on the achievements of two brilliant creole. One was Simon Bolivar, a wealthy Venezuelan creole. Simon Bolivar's native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in 1811.He took his 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Columbia. By 1821, Bolivar had won Venezuela's independence. -
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Latin American War of Independence (SOUTH)
The South American wars of Independence rested on the achievements of two brilliant creole generals. The other liberator was Jose de San Martin an Argentinian. He had led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He had help to free Chile with the help of Bernardo O'Higgins. In addition, in 1821 he planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima,Peru. -
Latin American War of Independence (NORTH)
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Greek Revolution
The cause of Greek Independence was popular with people around the world. Russia likes their religion (Greek Orthodox Christians), and America loves ancient Greek culture, Eventually, Greece had the powerful nations of Europe of their side. In 1827, a combined British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino. In 1830, Britain, France and Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece. -
Latin American Wars of Independence (SOUTH)
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Mexican War of Revolution
Spanish Viceroy Juan de O’Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy. -
Brazilian Independence
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Greek Revolution
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Italian Unification
The kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia had adopted a liberal constitution in 1848. The prime minister of this group was Camillo di Cavour. He was going to take control of Sardinia but, Austria had got in the way. So they got Napoleon III to get rid of Austria. Then, they took control over Sardinia. In May 1860, a small army of Italian nationalists led by a bold and visionary soldier, Giuseppe Garibaldi, capture Sicily. They did and were known as the Red Shirts. In the end they restored Italy. -
Romanticism
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German Unification
In 1848, Berlin rioter forced a constitutional convection to write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom, paving the way for unification. In 1861, Wilhem I succeeded Fredrick William to the throne. Otto von Bismarck was hired as his prime minister. Bismarck was great at realpolitik or "the politics of reality." Bismarck declared that he would rule without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget. -
Italian Unification
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German Unification
