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Haitian Revolution
The first Latin American territory to free itself from Europe. On French plantations, 500,000 Africans were enslaved. People in Haiti stood up to the French masters. August 1791, 100,000 of those enslaved Africans revolted. Toussaint L'Ouverture emerged as a leader and led the enslaved Africans to revolt. January 1802, French troops landed in Saint Domingue to remove L'Ouverture from his power. He was sent away and later on died. On January 1, 1804, General Dessalines declared independence -
Latin American Wars of Independence (North)
Simon Bolivar, also known was "George Washington of South America" and he planned to unite the colonies of South America into a single country. He wanted independence for Venezuela. But it was hard for that to happen even though it did. He suffered numerous defeats and was sent to exile twice. But he did lead 2,000 soldiers on a march to Andes which is now Colombia. -
Mexican War of Independence
In 1810, Padre Miguel Hidalgo was the first to take step toward independence. Got his churches to rebel against the Spanish. That day is called the grito de Dolores. Involved over 80,000 men. This uprising. They defeated Hidalgo in 1811. In 1820, events took a turn in Mexico. Mexico's creoles feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanish- controlled colony. They united for Mexico's independence with was proclaimed in 1821. -
Brazilian Independence
The quest for independence was a unique period of Latin American history. It occurred without violence or a bloodshed. A member of the Portuguese royal family played a key role in freeing Brazil from Portugal. In 1807, Napoloen's armies invaded Spain and Portugal. His aim was to close to the ports of these countries to British shipping. For 14 years, Portugal ran their empire from Brazil. Eight thousand Brazilians signed asking DomPedro to rule -
Latin American War of Independence (South)
San Martin, unlike Simon Bolivar, was a modest man. He spent most of his youth in Spain as a military officer.He fought against Napoleon. Fighting for 10 years, he freed Argentina, Chile, and Peru. Argentina declared it's independence in 1816. Spanish forces still threatened Chile and Peru. In 1817, San Martin led an army across Andes to Chile. He wanted to drive the Spanish forces out in 1821, but needed a larger army. He met with Bolivar and they discussed the problem in 1822. -
Romanticism
The end of the 18th century, Enlightenment ideas gradually gave way to another major art movement. It reflected deep interest in both nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual. The ideas of romanticism show emotion, sometimes wild emotion. It also went beyond feelings. It expressed a wide range of ideas and attitudes. Focused on the mysterious. It involved poetry, music, and painting. One type is The Gothic Novel. Horror stories became popular. As well as photography -
Greek Revolution
The most powerful European governments opposed revolution. The cause of Greek independence was popular with people around the world. Russians felt a connection to Greek Orthodox Christians who were ruled by the Muslim ottomans. Educated Europeans and Americans loved and respected ancient Greek culture. A British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Navarino. In 1830, Britain, France, and Russian signed a treaty giving independence to the kingdom o Greece. -
Italian Unification
Italy was one of the countries to form from the territory of crumbling empires. nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedomnt- Sardinia. In 1852, Sardinia's king, Victor Emmanuel II named Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister.He was a statesman who worked tirelessly to expand Piedomnt's power. Cavour realized that the greatest roadblock to to annex northern Italy. Napoleon III tired to jelp Austria out of the norther Italin provinces. Sardinian succeed to take annexed italy. -
German Unification
Prussia enjoyed the advantages that would help create a strong German state. Germany achieved national unity in the mid- 1800's. Prussia's army was way more powerful than Europe's. In 1861 Frederick William succeed his way to the throne. In 1864, Prussia started to expand due to Bismark taking the first step in doing so. In 1867, a few southern German states remained independent of Prussia's control. The Franco- Prussian War was the final stage of the German Unification.
