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-Algonquin: The males were in charge, creating a Patriarchal system
-Iroquois: The females were in charge, creating a Matriarchal system -
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-The Church was automatically put into political decisions, because of its roll in the sovereign council.
-Priests were missionaries
-Nuns worked in hospitals
-The Church had complete control on any religious matters within the colony, and would encourage the population to move to New France.
-They taxed the members with the tithe. -
After 1663 it was a absolutism colony.
The charter companies period, the french monarchy took back control after they did not meet the King's demands. After 1663 New France live under the royal government. Led by the king of France. The King and the Minister of the Marine would stay in France and would be put the Governor and Intendant in the colony's to represent him -
-Although living good lives in New France it was a large effort
-Every day there was a lot of work to be done by tending to the land and preparing for winter
- They became autonomous and learned how to care for themselves and called themselves the canadiens. -While in France there was a large divide in the gap between rich and poor who were starving in large quantities. -After the conquest many remained in the newly made British colony -
-The French allied with the Huron's and the Innu or Montaignais.
-They looked to control the fur trade
- The great peace of 1701
-Had 40 aboriginal nations, agreed to be under authority of the king of France, and to have the governor general resolve there disputes. -
-French militia could return home and no one would lose properties
-They would leave and return to France
-They were allowed to continue the roman Catholic religion but the bishop had to return to France.
-Those who remained became British subjects.
-French elite left because they were able to afford but the rest stayed because they had built a life in the colony -
The colony becomes British by the end of the seven year war. -New France was given to the King of England, except for the island of St Pierre and Micquelon.
-The king used the Royal Proclamation to control the French population.
-He renames the territory the the province of Quebec.
-Decrease the borders to and around the St Laurence river.
-English civil laws and criminal laws were put in place
-No Roman Catholic could hold office -
-Caused by the fear of the French joining in on the revolutionary war.
-Was a guarantee for French loyalty
-Enlarged the area of the colony
-French civil laws were put in place
-Test oath act was replaced by the pledge of allegiance to the king.
-Still no elected assembly -
The British that moved to Quebec were unhappy because they wanted an elected assembly, and were not expecting the colony to be in the interest of the French. The British colonies were upset after they were unable to obtain the territory of the Ohio valley after helping fight the French during the conquest years. Making them quite upset the Americans began trading with the French.
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The Canadians were quite fearful of what was going on because of the new changes. But Governors such as Guy Carleton and James Murray would bend the rules in the favor of the French. For there loyalty.
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After the War of Independence many stay loyal to the British King. -The do not want to remain in America so they move to Canada
-36 thousand to Canada
-6 thousand to Quebec
-West of Montreal or in the Eastern townships. -The loyalists were used to British civil laws and elected assemblies, so they demanded change. -
Quebec split up -The Ottawa river was used as the dividing point. Upper Canada had roughly 20 thousand people
-it was entirely English
- And were protestant and practiced English civil laws. Lower Canada had roughly 160 thousand people and was majority French. -Remained Roman Catholic, kept French civil laws, and now French people can work in government. It brought a change to the government and it became representative. Meaning the Governor General had all the power -
Louis Joseph Papineau, leader of the Parti Patriot, wrote to the British government saying 92 demands for a responsible government. It was sent to London to be reviewed.
The ten Russel Solutions
-They reject all of the requests for an elected council
-They took some power away from the elected council
-The governor now has money to take from the provincial treasury to pay officials in the colony.
-Making them very upset the began to rebel. -
After 1837 the Church became more powerful, they controlled education and founded Laval university in 1852. As well different social services such as orphanages, shelters and charities.
The attendance was very high. While protestants founded university's as well such as McGill in 1821 and Bishop in 1843. -
Upper Canada had to large parties.
Family compact; who were wealthy British (conservative)
Reformers- who were intellectuals and professionals In lower Canada there was the British Party and the Parti Canadien The British Party;Wealthy French and British who supported British rule The Parti Canadian or Patriotes were wealthy and poor French. early separatists, intellectuals who were unhappy with the usage of the power -
In Lower Canada they were concerned of the loss of the French culture and language, and the increasing of taxes to created canals and roads for the British Merchants. And in 1836 the crops failed to grow forcing the Canadiens to face starvation and the next year an economic depression. In Upper Canada -Wanted a responsible government.
-Increase of British presence
-Reduction of the Church of England in government affairs.
-Stronger role for the elected assembly
-No veto powers -
In Upper Canada the rebellions were led by William Lyon Mackenzie, but were diffused quickly. In Lower Canada they were led by Papineau. The fights took place in St Charles, St Denis (In which the French won) and St Eustache. The British eventually won, and 99 rebels were condemned to death, but only twelve we hung and 58 were sent to Australia (at the time a penal colony meaning prison.) Both campaigns left 325 dead, 27 of which were British soldiers and the rest were rebels. Six battles.
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The federal government was in charge of -Defense, Banking, Trade , Criminal Law and were allowed to veto laws from the provinces that were not in the countries interest.
While the provinces were in charge of -Education, Municipalities, Hospitals and health care. civil rights, infrastructure and natural rescources. -
-High number of unemployment
-Direct payment and welfare state arise and are like by the population.
-Unemployment Insurance During both World Wars there was a low motivation for joining the army creating a forced conscription for anybody of age. When the Union National gains power for one term in 1936 women gain the right to vote. -
He defended
Provincial autonomy
The rural life
The Quebec government should not interfere in social services and gave that power to the Church.
He made the Quebec Fag in 1948
And created an provincial income tax in 1954
Those who opposed him were Union Leaders, who said Duplessis was opposed to social progress and was against the interest of Quebec workers. Intellectuals and Journalists such as Pierre Trudeau and Rene Levesque, who opposed his government and attacked its conservative nature -
In response to the referendum of 1980, Prime minister Trudeau attempted to unify the country by renaming the BNA act and as the Canadian constitution
Everyone agreed but Quebec, but the charter of rights and freedoms and the Constitution were still implemented in 1982.
Many other attempts were tried but failed such as the Meech lake Accord in 1987, the Charlottetown Agreement and Prime minister Mulroney's efforts
The second referendum came and the "NO" side won with 50.6% of the vote, in 1995 -
Worsening situations and battles of language were the breaking point and lead those who lived in the British colonies to rebel, asking for a fair government. The potato famine lead to a massive increase in the population of English speaking subjects in British North america. Bringing over many Irish immigrants. Political Parties in
