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Period: Sep 8, 1500 to
Population
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Sep 9, 1500
Bering Strait Land Bridge
Migration into the New World. While tracking large animal herds, the first people to populate North America were believed to have migrated across the Bering Land Bridge. Fist Nation People came form Russia, crossed the Strait Land Bridge and then dispersed to the Americas. -
Sep 9, 1534
The voyages of Cartier
1534: Cartier ordered by King François of France to search for a passage to Cathay. Cartier was to seek out riches (Gold) If no route could be found.
1535-1536: Cartier was forced to spend his first winter in the New World: He set sail from Hochelaga and tried to make it back to the Atlantic before the river froze. He reached Stadacona.
1541: Cartier had instructions to settle the New World. Cartier would be followed by Jean-François de la Rocque to make the new settlement. -
Samuel De Champlain
"The Father of New France" was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. Champlain settles Quebec. He founded Quebec city (1st major city settled there) He made relationships with Natives to help explore the land. After 1608, more settlers began to come in. He published maps of his journeys and accounts of what he learned from the natives
1634: Trois Rivières.
1642: Ville-Marie. -
Company of One Hundred Associates
French trading and colonization company. Role: to capitalize on the North American fur trade and to expand French colonies there. The company had a monopoly on the fur trade. The company went out of business in 1663. -
Intendant Jean Talon
French Regime. King Louis (14th) sends Talon to build up New France as an intendant. He is in charge. Talon encouraged anybody to come to New France except french protestants. His plan to increase population: Offers free land to soldiers, Fille Du Roi, Incentives and fines/ punishments if you are not married. RESULTS of population in New France:
1663: 3-5 thousand
1760: 70 thousand -
French Regime
(See description I wrote on the event labeled: Jean Talon) -
Seven Years War (Being fought in Europe) Brought an end to New France)
- Louisbourg was surrendered to the english in 1758 2. In 1759 Quebec city was captured by the English 3. Capitulation of Montreal in 1760 4. From 1760 to 1763 New France was under British military rule 5. In 1763, the Seven Year's War ended in Europe with the Treaty of Paris and New France was officially ceded to Britain. Once this happens, the french nobility leave. The majority of the population however, stayed and had to live under British rule.
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British Regime
British Regime 1760-1867:
Population was 99% french in New France(They were all British subjects)
1791: Measures to encourage immigration.
1812: Laws discouraging American immigration in upper-Canada. 1840: Colonial land and immigration commission and permanent immigration office in London. -
Royale Proclamation
Signed in 1763, which officially gives New France to the British. It is renamed the Province of Quebec. English laws and Anglican church were introduced to the territory in order to attract British colonists. This meant that catholicism and French law were no longer allowed. -
Quebec Act
Put into place in 1774. This was because the American Revolution was going on, and the king wanted to protect his territory and ensure that French Canadians were loyal to him and wouldn't join the rebellion. So, laws were put into place that benefitted the Canadians.The provinces territory was expanded. -
The American Revolution
(1775-1783) Begins officially in 1776 when the 13 colonies declare their independence from British control. Many people stayed loyal to the king of England and chose to come to British North America. This is a MAJOR MIGRATION FLOW. 15-20% of the American population was still loyal to the king. -
Constitutional Act
Opened up new land for the loyalists entering Canada. They colonized the Eastern Townships region pf Quebec. These were square pieces of land offered to loyalists tax-free. Between 1775 and 1812, about 15,000 loyalists came to British North America. Divided British North America into Upper Canada (English) and Lower Canada (French) -
Act of Union
French Canadian rebel group called Patriotes wanted better representation for french speaking people and businessmen but were defeated by the english speaking Canadians. This act united both Lower Canada and Upper Canada into one territory, Canada. English became official language. The french now found themselves as a minority. -
The Great Famine
(1845-1852) There was a period of mass starvation in Ireland. Main food source was was potatoes and a disease made the potatoes not fit to eat. Approximately 1 million people died (From potatoes or starvation) and 1 million emigrated. These immigrants gave french-speaking population some concern. Immigrants were willing to work for lower wages and often took jobs from the Canadians. Many of immigrants settled in St-Lawrence Valley and Upper Canada. -
Grosse-Île
This Island housed Irish immigrants coming to Canada to escape the Great Famine, 1845-1849. All immigrants were put into quarantine when they came over on Grosse-Île. On arrival at Grosse Isle, emigrant ships were not permitted to sail onwards unless they had assured the authorities that they were free of disease. Main disease was Cholera. -
Confederation
The British colonies of Canada were federally united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1st 1867. Quebec, New Brunswick, Ontario and Nova Scotia join together to create the Dominion of Canada -> The first four provinces. In the Dominion, French Canadians represented about 30% of population. John A MacDonald implemented National Policy. After Act of Union, many Canadians started leaving in 20th century = the rate of immigration increased. -
Indian Act
Aboriginal claims related to the exploitation of natural resources by the government. Indian Act is a Canadian federal law that governs in matters pertaining to Indian status, bands, and Indian reserves. "The great aim of our legislation has been to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the other inhabitants of the Dominion as speedily as they are fit to change.”John A Macdonald, 1887
-Oka crisis: 1990. -
Baby Boom
After World War II, the return of the troops and economic prosperity lead to the growth of the population as marriages and births increased. At a fertility rate of 3.84 children per woman, this was the rate before the Great Depression in the 1920's and became known as the Baby Boom. This boom lead to changes in society as the average age of the population decreased. To meet needs of growing population, state had to invest in public institutions to meet needs of population. Ended: 1960 -
Immigration Act 1952
Immigration Act of 1952 had abolished racial restrictions found in United States immigration. Canada favored immigrants from certain countries, such as British, French, and American citizens.This act established a preference system which determined which ethnic groups were desirable immigrants and placed great importance on labor qualifications. This Act allowed for Asians with family in Canada to come but discriminated against homosexuals and mentally unstable people. -
Immigration Act 1976
- Insured in 1978 by the Parliament of Canada. This immigration act clearly outlined the fundamental objectives of Canadian immigration policy. The government had a responsibility to plan for the future of immigration. Refugees were defined as a distinct class of immigrants. It created four new classes of immigrants who could come to Canada: refugees, families, assisted relatives, and independent immigrants. This Act was positively regarded as a progressive piece of legislation.
