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The War of 1812 starts with the British. Supreme Court under Justice John Marshall strengthened the power of the federal government.
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At the congress of Vienna led by Klemens von Metternich, a quadruple alliance was formed that included Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. The Bourbons were restored to power in France.
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Louis was put in to power as an absolute ruler but soon recognized he would need to adapt to be effective. Louis accepted the napoleonic code, established equality under law and established bicameral legislature.
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Laws passed by the tories in Britain who were conservative. Put high tariffs on foreign grain which devastated the poor with rising food prices.
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The congress of Vienna recognized the German confederation of 38 states. It abolished serfdom, expanded primary and secondary education and formed the national army draft. Frederic William II becomes more reactionary
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Jose de San Martin led independence efforts in Chile as European powers were distracted. Chile was declared independent in1817.
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At this meeting between the members of the quadruple alliance it was determined that the powers would no longer occupy France and allow France to join the alliance.
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Massive protests were occurring due to the Corn Laws. The army was sent to deal with the protests killing 11. Government clamped down on demonstrations and pamphlets.
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After the French Revolution, Frances resources were focused more on domestic issues rather than the colonies. Simon Bolivar recognized this and led Columbia to its independence in 1819
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In 1820, the quintuple alliance met to discuss the outbreaks in Spain and Italy at Troppau. In 1821 Austria, Prussia and Russia authorized Austria to invade Naples at the meeting in Laibach. In a meeting in Verona in 1822 it was decided by Austria, Prussia and Russia that France was to invade Spain in attempts to silence the liberal outbreak. Britain never agreed to the invasions because they did not want to intervene.
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After Simon Bolivar helped Columbia gain its independence, he aided in giving Venezuela its its independence as well.
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Jose de San Martin also helped liberate Peru in 1821
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After coming to power, Charles X indemnified the nobles whose lands were lost in the Revolution and encouraged the Catholic Church to return to its role in controlling French education.
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Mexico and South America had gained their independence. Brazil was recognized by Portugal and independent state, and the Monroe doctrine was written to protect the new countries from European interference.
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In 1801 Alexander I came to power. He viewed himself as an enlightened monarch because he relaxed censorship, freed political prisoners, and reformed educational system. After his death power was renounced from Constantine to another brother of Alexander named Nicholas. Nicholas crushed a revolt by the northern union, a secret society, and became a more reactionary ruler by deporting suspicious people and crushing other revolts with the army.
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Andrew Jackson removes the property qualification for holding office in government.
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With an increase of crime there was response from government to improve policing. In France, sergeants could be seen in blue uniforms with white canes or sabres. In Britain volunteer constables kept order and arrested criminals.
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Belgians revolted and European powers recognized its independence. A minor German prince became king and Belgium became a constitutional monarchy.
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when the 1830 elections resulted in liberal victories in France Charles X issued the July ordinances which meant rigid press censorship, a dissolved legislature, and a reduced electorate. These restrictions produced the July Revolution. Louis-Phillipe came to power and favored the upper middle class and expanded the electorate.
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The Reform Act of 1832 disenfranchised 56 boroughs and enfranchised 42 cities and towns. Lowered property requirement to 10 pounds annual rent so that the top 3% of the population could vote.
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The British poor laws of 1830 were designed to make paupers' lives so miserable that they would seek work. Those who still didn't find work were put into workhouses.
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The repeal of the corn laws made sense because it lowered the cost of bread and it supported free trade which was favored by industrialists
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In 1848 revolutions across Europe broke out. In France, people faced problems like agricultural and industrial depression, corruption scandals and middle-class frustration with no suffrage. A new government was created and Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was elected to a four year term. Revolutions happened in Germany Austria Italy and Greece.