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Began with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by troops under the athority of William, who was a Duke of Normandy. With England now under Norman rule, a lot of things changed. The native ruling class was replaced with a french-speaking monarchy. This lead to a tranformantion of English language & the culture of England.
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During this Crusade, the knights were unprepared and did not know the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land. They had no leadership and no line for supplies, and were only able to capture a small strip of land from Jerusalem.
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Bernard was given an important commision by the Pope himself to start the Crusade. During this Crusade, land and territory was lost to the Turks and armies were not successful and came home empty handed:(
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This Crusade was led by three Monarchs known as Philip Augusts, Frederick I, and Richard the Lion Hearted. After many wars, a truths was met in 1192 and Jerusalem was remained in Muslim control.
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King John accepted the law that provided the peasants more rights and freedom. Some laws persented in the Magna Carta were: Trials must be held in courts, fair taxation for nobles, and no imprisonment of nobles without trial.
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The name was given to the English parliament that was called upon by Edward I in 1295. It was one of the first Royal Parliament and had consisted of an "Unelected House of Lords" and a "House of Commons" that represented the counties and towns.
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When King Charles IV died in 1328, he had no heir. As two men tried to take the empty throne, a feud began between the French (led by Philip of Valois) and the English (led by Edward III).
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Beginning with contaminated water, the Black plague was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The Plague had killed off 1/3 (29-25 million people) of the population of Europe. Infecting people for 5-7 days, the plague itself didn't cease till 8 years later.
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When King Phillip IV went against Pope Boniface, he had created his own pope in Avignon, a French city. This created a split in the church, as each claimed they were right and the other was wrong. The Great Schism ended in 1417 when the Holy Roman Emperor and his council made them both resign and selected a new pope.
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The hundred years war finally ended when Bordeaux surrendered and Calais became the last English possession in France. It was not entirely just one war, more like a combination of many.
