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Birth of Mahoma -
birth of Mahoma till the death of Mahoma
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Ruling classes in East and West Africa convert to Islam
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Mahoma receives first vision in a cave near Mecca
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Mahoma undertakes the Hegira, the migration from Mecca to Medina, establishing the start of the Islamic calendar -
Battle of Badr: Mohamo's forces win, resulting in a turning point for Islam against the ruling Quraysh tribe. -
Battle of Uhud: Quraysh tribe defeats the Muslims.
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Siege of Bani Qurayzah: Muslims capture the Jewish stronghold. Battle of the Trench: Quraysh troops attempt to siege Medina, but lose to the Muslim force.
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Conquest of Khaybar oasis: Jews barricade themselves in a fort at Khaybar oasis and are allowed to remain living there if they pay the Muslims one third of their produce. Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: A peace agreement is signed between Mahoma's Muslims and the people of Mecca. -
First Pilgrimage made by Mahoma and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina.
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Muslims capture Mecca. Ka'ba is cleansed, pilgrimage rites are Islamicized, tribes of Arabia vow allegiance to Mahoma Battle of Hunayn: Ending in a decisive victory for the Muslims over the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin
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"Farewell Hajj Pilgrimage": This is the only Hajj pilgrimage in which Mahoma participates -
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Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate -
Muslim armies take the Fertile Crescent (Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia), North African coast, parts of Persian and Byzantine Empires
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Muslim Conquest of Mesopotamia.
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Muslim invasion of the Levant. The Byzantines are driven out
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Umar ibn al-Khattab succeeds Abu Bakr, becoming the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate -
Caliph Uthman has the Qur'an written down -
Uthman ibn 'Affan succeeds Umar to become the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate
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Abi Talib succeeds Uthman to become the fourth and final caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. -
Battle of Siffin. Mu'awiya, governor of Syria, claims the caliphate
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Hasan ibn Ali, Shia Islam's second imam (his father, Ali ibn Abi Talib, being the first imam), is poisoned to death.
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Husayn ibn Ali, Shia Islam's third imam, is beheaded by Yazid I's force at the Battle of Karbala in present-day Iraq Death of Husayn marks beginning of the Shi'at Ali -
Reign of Abd al-Malik. Centralization of administration - Arabic becomes official written language (instead of Greek and Persian) and Arab coinage is established.
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Groups of ascetics and mystics begin to form
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Arab armies enter Spain from North Africa.
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Muslim empire reaches its furthes extent. Battle of Tours prevents further advance northwards.
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Revolt defeats the Umayyads.
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Abu l'Abbas becomes caliph in Iraq Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate Start of the Abbasid Caliphate -
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Baghdad becomes the new capital of the Abbasid empire. -
Abd ar-Rahman founds an Umayyad Dynasty in Cordoba, Spain
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Zaragoza invites Charlemagne into Spain. -
The city of Zaragoza falls to forces from the Emirate of Cordoba.
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Abd al-Rahman begins construction on the Great Mosque of Cordoba -
Death of Abd al-Rahman I of the Emirate of Cordoba.
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Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba.
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Uzbeg rules the Golden Horde and makes Islam the state religion