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Spain was reconquering from the Muslims (had ruled for over 800 yrs) can see now the arab buildings and impact in Spain
Development of spanish words from arabic language -
Catholic church also wanted to spread as rid of Muslim rule and influence
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How conquered?
-lack of political consolidation of Aztec and Inca empire=unhappy with rulers so aided in defeating them bc thought would benefit them but it didnt
-superior military tactics and technologies=weapons(guns, bullets), horses, had just gotten out f waging war with Arabs so had strategies
-contagious disease=no immunity at all led to epidemic bc of exposure to cattle's bacteria -
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didn't want until found sugar and started bringing 1/3 of African slaves (middle passage)
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old world to new world
men, animals (cattle, horses, chickens, pigs) and plants (bananas, wheat, rice, sugar cane), disease, language, religion, cultural values
NEW WORLD TO OLD WORLD:
Staple crops (corn, potatoes, tomatoes) and luxury goods (chocolate, tobacco, sugar, coffee)
Wealth in raw materials (silver, gold, dyes)
Ideas of “the other
People not like us are usually a negative opposite
Prevalent issue of racism -
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• Social and economic equalities
o Miscegenation and the Caste System
• Peninsulares (Spanish-born)
• Criollos (Creoles, descendants of the Spaniards born in the Americas)
• Mestizos (Spanish and Indian)
• “Indians” (diverse ethnic groups)Native Americans and several other ethnic groups
Ethnic identity in Mesoamerica and the Andes
Really putting large group into one category
• African slaves and ethnic identity
• “Passing” and flexibility in social system -
• Gender roles
Separate spheres
• Men and Sexual freedom
Had families with indigenous women and they were out working
The children would apply to have Spanish father help them rise in social ladder
• Women, work and economic status
• Godparents
Would be helpful since he was supposed to help these peasants convert to Christianity, despite they exploited them for work
• The extended family and nepotism -
o The Atlantic Slave Trade
• Portuguese vs. Spanish colonization
• Other slave destinations
• Sugar plantations and mills : fazendas, casa grandes and senzalas
• Sugar: the booms and busts of an export
o Resistance and Rebellion
• Everyday resistance (“weapons of the weak”)
• Sabotaging work, poisoning, abortion, infanticide, and suicide, faking illness, religion and magic, flight (maroon communities)
• Maroon communities (ex. Quilombo Palmaresbrazil was to big it even had ruler and army) -
• Viceroyalties
Deputy Kings: central authorities with very little regulation on them on the colonies since they were so far away
• The catholic church
Very closely allied with Spanish so viceroyalties would not go against and try to claim as own land
• Regional leaders
• From ecomiendas to haciendas
The hacienda, land ownership, and Iberian values
Ecomienda: labor rentshad to convert all the people to Christianity on your land, they would work your land and give the products to yo -
• External Causes of Independence:
Enlightenment (late 1700s) people should be equal
American and French Revolutions (1776 and 1789)
Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)Americas provided the $ for Spanish to fight against Napoleon
Simon Bolivar”The Liberator”
Miguel Hidalgo father of Mexican independence
• Internal Causes of Independence:
Unrest over taxation
Led by Creole and Mestizo elite
Growing pop with great inequality -
o Technological innovations
• Electricity
• Refrigeration
• Gramophone
• Textile manufacturing
o Social Consequences
• Migration from rural to urban areas
• Urban slumsshantytowns (middle class formed)
• Rise of the middle class
• Inequality and political unrest
• Marx started to write as a rxn of factory conditions…rivalry with de bourgeois -
o Mass Production
• Factories with poor working conditions
• Pollution
• Child labor
• Everything that was once artisan now produced in mass production and things like lace became affordable to all and no longer was for wealthy
• Beginnings of women working for wages…women and men and children
o Liberal economics
• “Laissez-faire” markets
• Little gvt regulation
• Privatization
• Specializations ( exports)
• Free markets—allowed exporting to other countries without taxation or tariffs -
• Haitian revolution : 1791-1804
Able to unite because all spoke same language and tired of being exploited
• Haiti and sugar: the “jewel” of the French crown
Big money source because made large amounts of sugar
• Post-independence” trade embargoes, ruling mulatto elite, thriving afro-american culture
• Effects of revolution in the rest of latin america -
New nations:
• Independence: Argentina (1816), Chile (1818), Gran Colombia (1820), Mexico (1821), Brazil (1822) and all of Latin America except Cuba and Puerto Rico by 1830
• Independence but not social revolution -
Argentina cattle and ranching (meat, hides, wool, grains)
Chile and peru: mining
Central America: bananas, coffee, panama canal
Mexico oil
• Companies owned privately by foreign capital
• Economies based on exports o Social costs and Consequences
• Urban poverty
• Appearance of slums and shantytowns: conventillos, favelas
• Miserable working and living conditions
• Very low wages, lack of rights for laborers
• Urban melting pots
• New cultural traditions
• overpop= slums -
o Post-Independence
• First half of 1800s:
Instability and nationhood
Age of caudillos (strongmen)
Authoritarian and idiosyncratic power
Charisma
Populism and social control
Nationalism
Conservatism and elites
• A rural economy: gauchos and the argentina pampas -
• Caudillos= political repression but social and economic stability
• Attractive to foreign investment (primarily from Britain in aArgentina) -
o Cuba before the Revolution of 1959
• Sugar, slaves and the question of independence
• US foreign policy:
Manifest Destiny (West expansion)
Monroe Doctrine (mid-1800s)
Nixon Doctrine (1970-1980s)
• US-Spanish war of 1898
• After the war:
“Independence” Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines under American control
Liberal Era in Cuba (US intervention) -
• Foreign ownership of land for cattle ranching
• Estancias rather than small landowners
• Expansion into the pampas
• Massacres of Indians -
Stock market crash of 1929
World war II (1939) -
Europe destroyed, US emerges as world power
Europe split between Russia and the Allies
End of British Empire=independence movements and new nations (Africa and SE Asia—India)
Struggle for power between “the west” ant “the east” -
• Karl Marx (1818-1833)industrial revolution thinks its not fair that people work in factories and get terrible pay
• Other terms: Marxism, socialism, left or leftist politics, “reds” or the “Red Menace”, Workers’ Party, Bolsheviks, radicalized students/workers/peasants etc
• Idea emerges during Industrial Revolution
• “The history of all societies is the history of class struggles”
• Centered on inequality between the bourgeois (wealthy upper and middle class) and the proletariat poo worker -
• “from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs”
• State owned industries
• Intense gvt regulation
• Distribution of wealt h
• Ideal of an egalitarian class-lass society
• Vs
• “to each according to his merit”
• Private ownership
• Little gvt regulation
• Accumulation of capital and wage labor
• “trickle down” effect -
• Gvt dictators, oligarchies, military
• Cont. migration to cities
• Inequality and social unrest
• Why was communism/socialism an attractive ideology and for whom?
Mexico and the muralists
Argentina, Peron and Evita -
• Russia perceived as threat since Russian Revolution (pre WWI)
• After the WWII, Russian influence expands, because Soviet Union
• Communism spread to many parts of world -
o Cuba before the Revolution of 1959
• Sugar, slaves and the question of independence
• US foreign policy:
Manifest Destiny (West expansion)
Monroe Doctrine (mid-1800s)
Nixon Doctrine (1970-1980s)
• US-Spanish war of 1898
• After the war:
“Independence” Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines under American control
Liberal Era in Cuba (US intervention) -
o Making Revolution
• Military dictatorship and political unrest
• Who became the guerilla leaders?
Fidel Castro (b. 1926)
Exile in Mexico and Ernesto “Che” Guevara
• Return to Cuba and guerilla warfare
• Who supported the guerilla?
peasants -
• Radicalization of gvt
Nationalism of all industries and private property
Increasingly close association with soviet Bloc and Moscow
Suppression of political rivals and dissidents
• Internal support vs. Cuban diaspora
• Cont. pressure from the US:
Bay of pigs invasion (1961)
Cuban missile crisis (1962)
Trade embargo (ongoing) -
to 1990, civil wars i Latin America
LEFT:
• Guerilla movement
• Marxism, communism, socialism
• Poor, peasant, working class
• Socially liberal
• Strong nationalism, anti-US
RIGHT:
o Military reigmes and dictatorship
o Capitalism
o Military the elit and middle class
o Socially conservative
o US-backed -
to 1996
Guatemalan pop: 45% ladinos (descendants of Europeans and mestizos) and 55% indigenous (various Mayan groups)
• Right-wing gvt, military and paramilitary groups (with US support) vs, leftist insurgents
• 200 thousand dead; 40-50 thousand disappeared (mainly highland Mayan civilians)
• 95% casualties at the hands of military and paramilitary -
• 2 reasons for US interventions in Latin America
Political ideology and power (height of the civil war)
Economic investments in the region
• US support for anti-left agents and movements (ex: military, elite, paramilitary groups—group of former military and operate outside of military and funded privately so have no regulations on them, etc)
• Propaganda, military training and equipment, economic support, trade treaties, CIA covert ops
• Prolongation of armed conflicts and civil wars, -
civil wars, ignoring human right abuses
• Nicaragua, El Salvi, Guatenala, Argentina, Chile
• Enduring nationalist, ant-american, anti-capitalist -
height of cold war
USA-counter culture and Vietnam protests, Civil Rights; Women's Rights
Massive (Leftist) Student protests: Paris of 1968, Mexico City, Tlateloco massacre (1968) -
Military had been powerful since the 1940s , takes control in 1964 after coup
Brazil's economic miracle:1968-1974
Somewhat less violent than other regimes
1985: Free elections -
Economic Crisis (post WWII)
Left-wing politics winning at polls
Repression by right-wing military
leftist protest movements that became urban guerillas
Oppressive military regimes (backed by US, supported by the elite and conservative middle class) -
• Somoza Family—3rd person in power after grandfather and father
Owned about ¼ of productive land and were brutal in exercising power
• Nicaragua as a “banana republic”
Many áreas owned by private (american) industries
• The Sadinistas
• The revolution and after math:
A common enemy
Nationalism
US pressures and radicalization
How to govern—didn’t know what to do with the power and splitting of groups
• Other players: Women, Catholic church -
Urban guerillas: mostly 20-30, educated, middle class
Repression and Torture: "Flights of death"-drop from sky into ocean
"Desaparecidos" and their children-taken and adopted without akcnowledgment and changig birth certificates
Abuelas y madres de la plaze de mayo-4 killed and creates a big uprivalry by people
Today: memory and injustice -
Juan Peron, Evita and Argentinian politics
1973: Peron return and death
1974: Military takes over
"Western and Christian"
The left from portest movements to urban guerillas -
to 1992
• High pop density, rigid class difference, land and wealth inequality
• Military, paramilitary groups and death squads vs. FMLN (umbrella work for various left-wing organizations)
• Reagan and the “Vietnam syndrome”
• Victims of war: 75 thousand dead and thousands displaced
If Mayan then you faced high possibility of being killed for accusations of supporting the guerillas -
• “1 2 3 vietnams”
• The first 10 yrs
• The making of a symbol
Che Guevara bolivia’s campaign
• Cuba’s support for other left-wing movements
1960s-1970s: Venezuela, Nicaragua, Chile
Today: Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, etc
• The enduring legacy of the Cuban revolution -
• Truth commissions and search for justice
• Massive immigration • Gang and drug violence: Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and barrio 18
Right now: Gang truce and drops in violence