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It happened in the 18th and 19th centuries to seize land that had previously been owned in common by all members of a village. These will be changed to privately owned land.
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Modern History is an historic period that lasts from the 15th to the 18th century. It is usually said that it starts with the discovery of America in 1492 and ends with the French Revolution.
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It was the first phase of the French Revolution. The National Constituent Assembly, made up of a moderate bourgeoisie, negotiated with the king and the privileged classes how to establish a parliamentary monarchy.
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It was when the Jacobins stormed the legislative chamber and beheaded the Girondin deputy Jean-Bertrand Féraud.
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It was in 1733 the first step in the mechanization of the loom and increased the productivity of weavers.
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It was a process from the middle of the 18th century, in the United Kingdom. As a consequence, a series of technological changes took place that caused an impact on societies.
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It was the first practical steam engine, becoming one of the driving forces of the Industrial Revolution. James Watt developed the design between 1763 and 1775, with the help of Matthew Boulton.
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Published in 1776 in Kingdom of Great Britain, it is considered the first modern book on economics. The wealth of nations is today one of the most important works of economic discipline.
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Period that opens the Contemporary Age, from the end of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century, which gave rise to a number of revolutionary movements.
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It was designed in 1784 and patented in 1785. This loom worked with hydraulic force that accelerated the manufacture of cloth.
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There was a financial crisis of the crown, which was in bankruptcy, and had many debts with the banks. Then they ordered them to put Jaques Necker as finance minister, and he said that to solve the crisis the nobility and clergy had to pay taxes.
The nobility and clergy refused and ordered the Estates-General to be convened. The Estates-General met in Versailles for several weeks. -
The Contemporary History is a period that starts with the French Revolution, the United States Independece or with the Industrial Revolution and continues up in the present days.
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The French Revolution was a social and political conflict in France that lasted from 1789 to 1799. Its causes were both economic and social crises.
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On the 20th of June of 1789, the King closed the doors to the Third Estate, expelling the Third Estate of the meeting. They decided to meet in another room in Versailles, the Jeu de Paume room, and there they proclaimed themselves the National Assembly and promised to draft a constitution
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The National Assembly gained more support and the situation became more tense. Knowing that anything could happen, the king ordered the army to garrison Paris and fired Necker. This greatly angered the third State that was revolutionized, and stormed the Bastille to get weapons and gunpowder.
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The event began with women protesting against the high price, the shortage of bread and the lack of rights
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Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. The purpose of any political association is the protection of the natural and imprescriptible rights of Man.
The purpose of any political association is the protection of the natural and imprescriptible rights of Man. -
It was a set of laws in France on 1791, based on the separation of powers, national sovereignty and legal equality, though the king reserved the right of veto.
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The coalition begins with the invasion of French territory by Austria and Prussia, as a consequence France declares war on the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria. A war that was joined by the Kingdom of Prussia, Great Britain, Spain and other states.
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It was the main institution of the First French Republic. It was an assembly of a constituent and legislative nature in France, from September 19, 1792 to October 30, 1795.
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They ruled from June 1793 to July 1794, imposed the Reign of Terror, and exercised their power in the Committee for Public Salvation.
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It happened on January 21, 1793 in France. It was one of the most important events of the French Revolution. It was held in the Plaza de la Revolución.
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Was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First French Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervour...
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It was the institution of government in France after the fall of the Directory, after the coup that Napoleon Bonaparte gave on 18 Brumaire, a new constitution was promulgated that established an executive power.
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The coup d'état of Brumaire 18 of the year VII in France refers to the coup d'état corresponding to November 9, 1799.
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It was a constitution approved in France on December 24, 1799, it established a form of government known as the Consulate that effectively ended the French Revolution.
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On May 18, 1804 Napoleon was proclaimed emperor with the purpose of founding a new monarchy and consolidating power.
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It was a sovereign state that occurred in a large part of western and central Europe; it had numerous colonial domains known as Overseas France and client states.
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King of Naples between March 30, 1806 and July 5, 1808 under the name of José I and King of Spain between June 6, 1808 and December 11, 1813 under the name José I, Lieutenant General of the French Empire.
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In this treaty Spain permitted to France to pass through to Invade Portugal. But the french army would stay more time than the spected. -
This war was caused by the inefficient govern of Ferdinand VII and his father Charles IV. The king was persuaded to give the crown to Napoleon who gave it later to Joseph Bonaparte. So Spain was governed by a foreign king and the patriots didn't permit this fact. They developed a system of administration with the local Juntas and then with the Central Supreme Juntas who drafted the first Constitution in 1812. In it, they defend a lot of rights like press, property..
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After the abdication of Charles IV to Ferdinand VII, Napoleon would persuade them to give the Sapinich crown to his brother Joseph Bonaparte, Joseph I with the support of the afrancesados proclaimed the Statue of Bayonne in which he wrote measures to abolish the Ancien Régime. -
It was a movement spearheaded by English artisans in the 19th century, who protested between 1811 and 1816 against new machines that destroyed jobs.
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This constitution was drafted by Central Supreme Juntas reunited in the Cortes of Cadiz in 1812. In this constitution, they defend the national sovereignty, the universal male suffrage and a lot of rights like press, property, inviolability of the home... This constitution was followed by a series of reforms against the Ancien Régime. The problems of the War of the Independence didn't allow the sucess of this constitution. -
This treaty was signed by France who left the country in December 1813. They returned the crown to Ferdinand VII. This treaty was because the British commanded by Wellington defeated the French army in the Battle of Salamanca. -
It was an agreement signed by the returned king Ferdinand VII and the absolutist representation of the Cortes. With this document the king could repeal the Constitution of 1812 and the reforms to abolish the Ancien Régime , the absolute monarchies and create a liberal system.This text was signed the 12th April of 1814 and the propose was leaded by Bernardo Mozo de Rosales. -
The reign of Ferdinand VII is divided in phases by the alternation of absolutist and liberalism. In the first phase Ferdinand signed the Manifiesto de los Persas and repealed the Constitution of1812. In it there were pronuciamentos and one of them was driven by Rafael del Diego. In the second phase the Liberal Triennium the liberals led the power and created the National Militia. It finished with the Holly Alliance. The Ominous Decade finished his reign with a crisis and the Pragmatic Sanction.
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It is the fight that some European monarchs gave against the ideas of the French Revolution.
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Its purpose was to re-establish the principle of hereditary rule and to suppress democratic and nationalist movements.
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It was a combat that took place on June 18, 1815 in the vicinity of Waterloo, a town in present-day Belgium between the French army, against British, Dutch and German troops.
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Was a period of Chilean history that extended between 1818 and 1861, characterized by the hegemony of the conservative party, whose supporters were called pelucones.
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After three not successful pronuciamentos there was one that it was. It was lead by the Coronel Rafael del Diego and it took place in San Juan (Sevilla), the first of January 1820. This pronuciamento started a new phase in the reign of Ferdinand VII called the Liberal Triennium. In this era Ferdinand VII was forced to reinstate the Constitution of 1812. -
Was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.
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To take again the control of Spain after the pronuciamento led by Coronel Rafael del Diego, Ferdinand VII appealed to the Holly Alliance Treaty. This coalition of European monarchs send the Hundred Thousand Sons od Saint Louis. They restored the absolutism ledaded by the Duke of Angoulême. -
They were English laws that first prohibited and later regulated workers' associations and strikes. They were enacted in 1799 and 1800.
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It was one of the first wheel-mounted steam locomotives. It was built for the Rainhill Trials, organized by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1829 to advance ideas about railways.
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Revolutionary wave in Europe which took place in 1830. It included two romantic nationalist revolutions: the Belgian Revolution and the July Revolution in France.
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was the conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces, from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium.
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It started in the Basque Country and fought the liberals leade by General Espartero and the carlist leaded by the commander Zamalacárregui. The carlist were defeated and the peace was signed in 1839 in Convetion of Vergara.
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The reign of Isabella II started in 1833 when she was three years old but until she was therteen years old she wasn't proclaimed queen ahd there was numerous regent like her mother Maria Christina and the General Espartero. Her rreigns id divided in five parts: The regency of Maria Christina, the regency of General Espartero, the Moderate Decade, the Liberal Biennium and the system in crisis.
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It was an early attempt to form a national union confederation in the UK. There were several attempts to form national general unions in the 1820, culminating in the National Association for the Protection of Labor.
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It was a customs organization carried out in 1834 by means of which tariffs were eliminated among the members of the German Confederation.
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It took place in the second half of the 19th century in Central Europe and ended with the creation of the German Empire by bringing together various states.
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In 1837, moderate liberals and their conservative policies took control of the government. Maria Christina was forced to step down and the General Espartero was appointed regent. They drafted the Constitution of 1837 (progressive) that established the National sovereignty with census suffrage; the separation of powers; two chambers: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate, and granted many rights and individual liberties. -
Moderate Liberal Party led by General Narváez remained in power during almost the entire reign of Isabella II. Its representatives drafted the Constitution of 1845 (moderate) that established a highly restricted suffrage and the sovereignty shared between the Cortes and the Crown. The civil liberties were restricted. They also realised the reorganisation of State and municipal administration. -
Led to the union of the various states into which the Italian peninsula was divided, for the most part linked to dynasties considered.
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Series of republican revolts against European monarchies: beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression.
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Period in which great reforms took place, which led to the introduction of male suffrage, the definitive abolition of slavery in the colonies and the right to work.
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It was the first chemical manufacturing process in 1856, that was used for the mass production of steel, of good quality and at low cost.
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It was an organization founded from London in 1864 that brought together English trade unionists, French and Italian republican anarchists and socialists.
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Karl Marx and Friedich Engels publishes Das Kapital that denounced exploitation of the workers and advocated a proletarian revolution to
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The Revolution of 1868 was triggered by progressives and democrats, joined by unionist. Revolutionary Juntas were formed all over the country. After the Battle of Alcolea, the Queen Isabella II and her heir Alfonso XII went into exile. A provisional government was formed to establish a democratic political system. Amadeo of Savoy was chosen to take the throne. -
During the reign of Amadeo I there were many conflicts, and in 1873 Amadeo I abdicated and the Cortes voted to form a republic. However, most of the deputies were monarchist. Lower social classes were happy with the result and the republicans prepared a programme of social and economic reforms. 1873 elections were won by the federal republicans, but after other many conflicts, in 1874, a coup dissolved the Cortes. -
In 1874 the General Martínez Campos proclaimed Isabella’s II son, Alfonso XII, king of Spain and occurred the Bourbon Restoration. The Canovist System (political system created by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo) allowed political parties to alternate in power and promised political and social stability. Its objective was the pacification of Spain. They drafted the Constitution of 1876 (moderate).
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It was an organization formed in 1889 by the Socialist and Labor parties who wanted to coordinate their activity. Unlike the First International, there was no General Council to direct it.
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It existed during the last years of World War II. It was established in northern Italy, which had remained occupied by the German Wehrmacht.
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