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Civil war fought following the murder of the third Caliph, Uthman ibn Affan.
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Mu'awiyah is victorious against the fourth caliph Ali and is declared Mu'awiyah I, first caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. Introduced hereditary succession.
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Beginning of the decline of the Umayyad Dynasty.
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Expansion of Islamic Empire into Europe halted after the defeat at Poitiers, France in 732.
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Armies of Umayyad Dynasty were destroyed in detail.
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Muʿāwiyah II, last ruling descendent of Abu Sufyanid, dies.
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Begins rule of Marwanid caliphs of Umayyad Dynasty
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Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah becomes Caliph starting the Abbasid Dynasty.
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Unsuccessful naval campaign against Constantinople
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Abn al-Malik oversees Umayyad Dynast at it's peak, stretching from Spain to India.