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Tariq ibn Ziyad leads the Umayyad Muslim forces in the conquest of Spain, defeating the Visigothic king Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete.
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Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Cordoba, marking the beginning of Islamic rule in Al-Andalus (Muslim-ruled Spain).
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Abd al-Rahman III declares himself Caliph, elevating the Emirate to the Caliphate of Cordoba, a zenith of Islamic civilization in Europe.
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The Caliphate of Cordoba begins to disintegrate into smaller Taifas (independent kingdoms) after the death of Caliph Hisham II.
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Christian forces under Alfonso VI capture Toledo, a significant loss for the Muslims and a major turning point in the Reconquista.
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The Almohads, a Berber Muslim dynasty, take control of Al-Andalus, introducing stricter Islamic practices.
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Christian forces achieve a decisive victory over the Almohad Caliphate at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, hastening the decline of Islamic rule.
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Fernando III of Castile captures Cordoba, further diminishing Muslim control in Spain.
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The city of Seville is captured by Christian forces, marking the end of Almohad rule in Al-Andalus.
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The Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, captured Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in Spain, marking the end of Muslim rule.
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The Spanish crown issued the Edict of Expulsion, requiring Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave Spain.
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Moriscos, descendants of Muslim converts to Christianity, were forcibly expelled from Spain.
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The Spanish crown bans Islamic practices and the use of the Arabic language in public.