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Arabs cross the Straight of Gibraltar and establish control over much of the Iberian Peninsula. They called this area "Al-Andalus"
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The period between 711 and 756 is called the dependent emirate because Muslim Spain, or Al-Andalus, was dependent on the Umayyad caliph in Damascus. These years were marked by continuous hostilities between the different Arab factions and between the various social groups.
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The heartland of the Muslim rule was Andulusia (Southern Spain)
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Abd ar-Rahman I flees Damascus and founds the Emirate of Cordoba
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Better known as the Emirate of Córdoba
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Syrians rebel against Abd ar-Rahman I, but are defeated
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Al-Mansur dies in the village of Salem during a raid. The power in Al-Andalus is divided between the old Arab nobility, the Berber mercenaries, and the Slav slaves.
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Caliphate crumbles into a number of independent taifas (Muslim-ruled pricipalities)
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The Almoravids were crucial in preventing the fall of Al-Andalus to the Iberian Christian kingdoms, when they decisively defeated a coalition of the Castilian and Aragonese armies at the Battle al- Zallaqah of in 1086.
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The Muslim forces defeat the Christians
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Division among the Muslims made them weak and vulnerable to a move by the Christians to expand against them.
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The Christian militia of Toledo reach the gates of Seville and kill the Almoravid governor
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With thie accession of the sulton Abu Yakub, faked conversions become widespread. Yakub Al-Mansur (Abu Yakub's son) imposes restrictions upon the new converts because of the doubts of their sincerity.
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Abd al-Mumin starts a movement against Jews and Christians. Zelous Almohad Muslims initiate riots and persectutions of non-Muslims.
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Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII, the Emir of Granada, relinquishes the last Muslim-controlled city in the Iberian Peninsula to the Crown of Castile and signs the Treaty of Granada.
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Muslims lose all power in Spain to Christians
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The Great Mosque of Cordoba starts being built on the grounds of a Visigothic church
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After Abd ar-Rahman I dies, Hisham I succeeds him
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fought between the Kingdom of Asturias and the Emirate of Cordoba
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Abd al-Rahman III becomes 8th Emir of Cordoba
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Al-Mansur becomes 3rd Caliph and acts as a military dictator. He launches offensive campaigns against the Christians, Christians commence raids into Muslim territory.
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Abd ar-Rahman III proclaims himself the Unayyad Caliph of Cordoba, Cordoba is largest city in Europe and Abr ar-Rahman III's court is open to scholoars of Muslim, Christian, and Jewish faiths
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The "Golden Age" of al-Andalus, this period marked leading agricultural, scientific, and philosophical culture
