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Muhammad dies and the new Caliph, Abu Bakr, begins a war on rebellious tribes in Arabia who won't pay taxes. This restores their allegiance to Islam and allows the religion to grow throughout Arabia and into some parts of the Persian Empire.
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A bunch of important dates on the history of Islam.
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The 4th Sunni Caliph, Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, makes a new structure for Islam by moving the capital Damascus and setting up a new set of administration for the Caliphate.
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Within 7 years, The Islamic Armies had conquered the Iberian peninsula. A majority of Spain was under control because the Leaders were much more generous with their rules compared to the harsh Visigoth Spanish King. Non Muslims and Muslims lived in harmony.
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The Battle of Tours in 732 happened when leader of the Muslim army, Al Rahman, attempted to expand Muslim control north of Spain into Frankish Territory. The battle was the first that Islamic Armies lost in their conquest of the East. Because of this loss, the Islamic Empire reached its full extent and could no longer expand northward.
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In 750 and the years leading up, discontent was common in Spain and north Africa where the Umayyads unfairly taxed them. Non Muslims were being taxed and treated unfairly due to race which went against major ideals of Prophet Muhammad. The Abbasids, who were decedents of Muhammad's uncle overthrew the city of Merv. Snowballing through the empire, they established the new capital in Baghdad, they made everyone equal again but set up a government very similar to the Umayyads.
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As Muslim leaders leaned away from conquering things through war, Islam began to expand through trade. Islamic merchants spread Islam as far as Korea.
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In the year 900, several people claiming to be descendants of Muhammad went to Africa to govern and be leaders where Islam became very fractured. Meanwhile, South West Asia was invaded by Turkic tribes and the first Turkic Islamic State was founded. The Seljuk Empire.
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A group of Muslims from central Asia called the Seljuk Turks move into territories of the Byzantine Empire. This causes hostility between Christians and Muslims. This also spreads Islam to those areas.
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Pope Urban II tells Christians to expel Muslims from the Holy Land and the Byzantine empire. Christians sack Antioch and Jerusalem, and massacred Jews and Muslims.
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Jerusalem is captured by the Crusaders, and the kingdom of Jerusalem is formed. 3000-4000 inhabitants were killed.
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Islamic forces defeated a christian crusade which gave hope and led to a resurgence as Islamic forces took the Holy Land back as well as Jerusalem.
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The Mongols migrate into the middle east and can't be stopped
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Mongols sack Baghdad and kill the caliph, end of the Abbasid caliphs.
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The Ottoman Empire engulfed much of the Arabian Peninsula as well as much of Europe overall a vast majority of the Islamic Empire.
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Granada was the last Islamic city in Spain. The Catholic Kings of Castle took it over granting Muhammad XII Abu 'Abd Allah free passage from the city in exchange for the territory. Islamic Spain was no more.
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Suleyman the Magnificent begins his reign of the Ottoman Empire and takes more land while prosperity goes up to its highest peak.
