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He was born in a family of merchants.
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He announced that he was the new prophet chosen by Allah to preach a new monotheist religion: Islam.
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He fled because was persecuted by the authorities of Mecca due to his preachings. This event is called " Hegira", which marked the start of Muslim calendar.
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Muhammad prepared an army formed by his followers and conquered Mecca with their help.
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When Muhammad died, most of the Arabs were Muslims and most of the Arabian Peninsula was converted to Islam.
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The teachings of Muhammad were collected in the Koran, the holy book for Muslims.
The pillars of Islam:
- A declaration of faith
- Praying five times between sunrise and sunset, facing Mecca
- Giving to charity to show your gratitude to Allah
- Fasting during the month of Ramadan
- Pilgrimage to Mecca once in your life -
The first four caliphs, all of the from Muhammad's family. They expanded the Empire by conquering Egypt, Syria and Persia.
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The Umayyad family took the power and moved the capital of the Empire to Damascus (in Syria). They continued the expansion through North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, the Indus river...
The capital was established in Córdoba and an emir was appointed to rule the emirate.
This emirate was dependent. -
When Wittiza died,Roderic was elected king.
Wittiza's son, Achika didn't accept Roderic war. -
An army crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of Guadalete, in which king Roderic died.
Also Muslims arrived to the Iberian Peninsula. -
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This family killed the Umayyad family and took over power. They moved the capital to Baghdad (Iraq). Some territories of the empire went independent: Al-Andalus, Egypt, Morocco.
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He proclaimed himself caliph and established the Caliphate of Córdoba, a territory independent from the authority of Baghdad.
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From 1008, the Caliphate began to break up.
By 1031, Al-Andalus was divided into more than 25 independent kingdoms called taifas.
However, they were militarily weaker as a result of the political fragmentation. -
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Christian conquest most of Andalucía
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The only territory that survived the Christian advance of the 13th century was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.
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The Turks founded the Ottoman Empire.
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The Turks conquered Constantinople.
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