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Period: Aug 3, 1492 to
Modern History
We say that this period started in 1492 when America was discovered by Colon and ended with the French revolution in 1789 -
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Enclosure Acts
It was a series of laws that were passed by the British Parliment to authorise the lands and pastures to become privately owned, this led to a concentration of land ownership. This benefited the big landowners, while created problems to the people who hadnt had the enough money to pay their properties. -
John Keys Flying Suttle
The mechanisation process in the textile industrie started with the flying shuttle, wich increassed the speed of production and made possible to weave wider fabrics, and sppining machines, which also increased productivity. -
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First Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution brought some of the biggest and fastest changes in human history. It began in Britain and then spread through Europe and U.S.A. A lot of new instruments and machines were introduced for the first time in this period. Peoples everyday lives changed to good at this moment. -
James Watts Steam Engine
In 1764 Watt was asked to repair a Newcomen steam engine. When he was reparing the machine, he realised that it was inefficient because of the amount of steam it wasted, so he tried to find the way to improve it. After that he crated a much more efficient machine, which became the principal driving force behind industry and transport. -
Adam Smith publishes The Wealth Of Nations
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Invention of the Power Loom
It was invented by Edward Crtwright and it was the last step of the mechanication process of the textile industry. This invention increased fabric production and lowered its cost. -
Declaration of the Rights of a Man and of the Citzen
It recognised the equality, rights and individual freedom of all citizen in law. -
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Constitutional Monarchy
It was the first phase of the French revolution. -
Estates-General meeting
Louis XVI convened the Estates-General the 5th of May in 1789, that was a legislative assembly that had to be convened by the king and was divided into three estates. Privileged states demanded a vote per estate and not per person (representative). -
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French Revolution
It started when Louis XVI convened the Estates General. It had three phases, 1st: Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792) 2nd: Social Republic (1792-1794) and 3rd Conservative Republic (1794-1799). It finished with the Coup of the 18th of Brumaire organised by Napoleon Bonaparte the 9th of November. -
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Contemporary History
We say that this period started in 1789 with the French revolution and continues. -
Tennis Court Oath
On the 20th of July of 1789 Louis XVI expelled the Third State from the assembly. After that the Third state, and 2 nobles and 149 clergies that joined them, went to a pavilion in Versailles and proclaimed themselves the National assembly of France and promised to draft a constitution. -
Storming of the Bastille
The 14th of July the National Assembly stormed the Bastille, that was a castle used as a prison. -
Womens March on the Versallies
A big group of angry women went to Versallies to protest against the high prices of food. They forced Louis XVI to leave Versallies and go to Paris. -
War of the First Coalition
In June of 1791 Louis XVI tried to escape from Paris, but he was arrested, then in August of the same year the kingdom of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire tried to help him.
In September of 1792 Austria and Prussia reached Paris. -
First French Constitution
It was based on the separation of powers. -
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Girondin Convention
The National Convention was a new assembly elected by male suffrage. The king and queen were executed in 1793, because of this, eurpean monarchies went against revolutionaries. -
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Social Republic
It was the second phase of the French Revolution -
Storm of Tuileries Palace
The "sans-culotte" got into Tuileries Palace and imprisoned the royal family. -
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Regin of Terror
Freedoms were suspended and people opposed the government. It was imposed to stop conspirators. -
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Jacobin Convention
They wrote the constitution of 1793. This constitution recognise the right to social equality and popular sovereignty. -
Execution of Louis XVI
After his execution absolute monarchies of Europe formed an absolutist coalition against the revolutionaries. -
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Conservative Republic
They wrote anew constitution in 1795. In this constitution the executive power was garanted to the Directory and restored the census suffrage. -
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The Consulate
It was an autocratic and an authoritarian rule and It began when Napoleon was name consul in 1799. Its objective were to end the instability of the Revolution, recover the economy and consolidate some of the revolutionary principles. -
Coup of 18th Brumarie
Napoleon Bonaparte organised it in context of the Directory's crisis. He was supported by the most part of the bourgeoisie, he started an authoritarian rule, by this moment the French revolution was over. -
Constitution of 1800
A new constitution was created by the new political system. It didn't include a declaration of rights or a separation of powers. -
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The Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon started his conquest in Europe in 1803 and was crowned in 1804 by the Pope.
After the victory in Austerlitz in 1806 French seemed unstoppable. In 1808 they invaded Spain.
1808- They tried to invade Russia but they failed
1812- Revolt in Spain against Joseph Bonaparte
1815- Napoleon abdicated after the defeat in Waterloo -
Napoleon crowned emperor
Napoleon was crowned by the Pope in 1804 -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
The French Army invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleons brother, was crowned king of Spain. -
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Luddite Movement
It consisted of the violen destruction of machinery in the belief that that was responsible of the unemployment. -
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Regin of Ferdinand VII
The regin of Ferdinand VII has 3 phases:
-Six years of abrolutism (1814-1820)
-The liberal triennium (1820-1823)
-The Ominous Decade (1823-1833) -
Manifiesto de los Persas
Manifiesto de los Persas is the name given to a document signed on April 12, 1814, in Madrid, by 69 deputies of absolutist tendency, headed by Bernardo Mozo de Rosales. -
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon was defeated in 1815 in Waterloo by Great Britain and Prussia. Then he abdicated and was sent to exile in the island of Saint Helena -
Congress of Viena and Holy Alliance Treaty
It was created by Austrian Chancellor and its objective were to restore absolutism and to stop the spread of the liberal ideas.
When the Holy Alliance Treaty was sign absolute monarchies would unite against the thread of the liberal revolution. -
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Restoration of Absolutism
When Napoleon was defeated in 1815 the powers that defeated him met at the congress of Vienna and signed the Holy Alliance Treaty. Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria reshaped the European map to their advantage, but without considering people. Napoleonic Empire was divided among the victors and France returned to its borders of 1792. -
Pronunciamiento of Rafael del Riego
Riego's pronunciamiento was the liberal revolution that took place in Spain. After the Spanish War of Independence, the liberals demanded the return of Ferdinand VII, called "the Desired One". They asked him to sign the Constitution of 1812. However, the monarch had another idea in mind. But this changed on January 1, 1820. On that day, Colonel Rafael de Riego made a military pronouncement in Las Cabezas de San Juan in the province of Seville. -
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Greek War of Independence
Greece had to pay high taxes to the Ottoman empire, the were excluded from state administration jobs and they were dominated by people who had a different religion and culture.
1822- Greeks declare independence, but Turks didn't accept it
1827- Greeks defeated the Ottoman empire with the help of France and Britain empire.
1830- Greece become independent -
Holly Alliance intervention: Houndred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis were a contingent of the French army that invaded Spain in 1823 to restore Bourbon absolutism and uphold the Old Regime that Ferdinand VII of Spain wanted to impose, and together with the Spanish volunteers, put an end to the Royalist War and the Liberal Triennium. The French army remained occupying Spain until 1828. -
Abolishment of combination acts
The English Combination Acts prohibits workers’ organizations from obtaining higher wages or controlling workplace conditions. The bill was repealed in 1824 as a result of a campaign led by the radical London tailor and political agitator Francis Place and the radical MP Joseph Hume. -
Stephenson Steam Locomotive
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Revolutions of 1830
Liberalism and nationalism were the two main forces that were against the congress of Vienna.
The movements began in France and then spread all over Europe. -
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Age of revolutions
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Belgian Revolution
Between 1830 and 1839 there was a conflict after Belgium's declaration of independence.
1839- Belgium's independence was recognise and it started a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. -
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First Carlist War
It began in the Basque country and, despite having experiencied commanders, the Carlists were defeated by the liberal army of General Espartero. Peace was signed at the Convention of Vergara in 1839. -
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Regin of Isabella II
It has 5 phases:
-The regency of María Cristina (1833-1840)
-The regency of Espartero (1840-1843)
-Moderate Decade (1843-1854)
-Progressive Biennium (1854-1856)
-The system in decline (1856-1868) -
Zollverein
German customs union established in 1834 under Prussian leadership. -
Grand National Consodilation Trades Union
The National Federation of Trade Unions in 1834 was an early attempt to establish a National Federation of Trade Unions in Britain. In the 1820s, there were many attempts to form a national labor union, and finally the National Labor Protection Association established in 1830. -
Constitution of 1837
The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was promulgated in Spain during the regency of María Cristina de Borbón. It was an initiative of the Progressive Party to approve a consensus constitution with the Moderate Party that would allow the alternation of the two liberal parties without having to change the Constitution every time the government changed. It was in force until 1845, when the Moderate Party imposed its own Constitution. -
Constitution of 1845
La Constitución española de 1845 fue la norma suprema durante el reinado efectivo de Isabel II, que sustituyó a la Constitución de 1837 norma suprema durante su minoría de edad. La Constitución de 1845 estuvo vigente hasta la proclamación de la constitución española de 1869 -
Revolutions of 1848
People lived under the rule of an empire or were fragmented into various estates.
In the Austrian empire: there were revolts in Vienna based on ideas of the liberalism and in the rest of the empire were nationalist uprising.
In France the Second Republic was proclaimed and they took democratic measures. -
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French second republic
France proclaimed the second republic during the Spring of Nations and they adopted democratic measures. -
Invention of the Bessemer converter
This invention of Henry Bessemer made it possible to manufacture steel. This was a more flexible material, perfect for constructing machinery, buildings and public works. -
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Italian Unification process
Italy was divided and Venice was taken by Austria.
1859- Kingdom of Piedmont started its unification. They declared war on Austria and annexed Lombardy.
1861- Victor Manuel II was proclaimed King of Italy
1866- Austria left Venice
1870- Rome became the capital when the Papal states were annexed. -
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German Unification Proccess
The territory was divided into 36 estates , associated with the German Confederation.
1848- 1st freely elected parliament offered the crown of Germany to the king of Prussia, but he refused it.
1861- New political figures in Prussia
1864- War on Denmark
1866- War on Austria
1870- War on France
Won by Prussia
1871- Proclamation of the Second German Empire with Wilhelm I as the Kaiser. -
First International
It was an initiative of Karl Marx and it was created in 1864. Marxists, anarchists and trade unions joined, but their diferent ideologies made it to difficult to work so it split in 1876. -
Krl Marx publishes Das Kapital
"Das Kapital" is Karl Marx's basic theoretical article on materialistic philosophy, economics and political science. Like classical political economists such as Adam Smith, Jean Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, and John Stewart Mill, Marx aimed to reveal the economic models that underpin the capitalist mode of production. -
Proclamation of the first republic in Spain
The First Spanish Republic was the political regime in force in Spain from its proclamation by the Cortes. In its first eleven months of the republic four presidents of the Executive Power succeeded each other, all of them from the Federal Republican Party, until General Pavia's coup put an end to the federal republic proclaimed in June 1873 and gave way to the establishment of a unitary republic under the dictatorship of General Serrano, leader of the conservative Constitutional Party. -
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Regin of Alfonso XII
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Second International
It was created by the Marxists to controls various political parties. It established some symbols of the laubur movement