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We say that this period started in 1492 when America was discovered by Colon and ended with the French revolution in 1789
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It was a series of laws that were passed by the British Parliment to authorise the lands and pastures to become privately owned, this led to a concentration of land ownership. This benefited the big landowners, while created problems to the people who hadnt had the enough money to pay their properties.
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The mechanisation process in the textile industrie started with the flying shuttle, wich increassed the speed of production and made possible to weave wider fabrics, and sppining machines, which also increased productivity.
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The Industrial Revolution brought some of the biggest and fastest changes in human history. It began in Britain and then spread through Europe and U.S.A. A lot of new instruments and machines were introduced for the first time in this period. Peoples everyday lives changed to good at this moment.
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In 1764 Watt was asked to repair a Newcomen steam engine. When he was reparing the machine, he realised that it was inefficient because of the amount of steam it wasted, so he tried to find the way to improve it. After that he crated a much more efficient machine, which became the principal driving force behind industry and transport.
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It was invented by Edward Crtwright and it was the last step of the mechanication process of the textile industry. This invention increased fabric production and lowered its cost.
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It recognised the equality, rights and individual freedom of all citizen in law.
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It was the first phase of the French revolution.
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Louis XVI convened the Estates-General the 5th of May in 1789, that was a legislative assembly that had to be convened by the king and was divided into three estates. Privileged states demanded a vote per estate and not per person (representative).
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It started when Louis XVI convened the Estates General. It had three phases, 1st: Constitutional Monarchy (1789-1792) 2nd: Social Republic (1792-1794) and 3rd Conservative Republic (1794-1799). It finished with the Coup of the 18th of Brumaire organised by Napoleon Bonaparte the 9th of November.
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We say that this period started in 1789 with the French revolution and continues.
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On the 20th of July of 1789 Louis XVI expelled the Third State from the assembly. After that the Third state, and 2 nobles and 149 clergies that joined them, went to a pavilion in Versailles and proclaimed themselves the National assembly of France and promised to draft a constitution.
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The 14th of July the National Assembly stormed the Bastille, that was a castle used as a prison.
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A big group of angry women went to Versallies to protest against the high prices of food. They forced Louis XVI to leave Versallies and go to Paris.
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In June of 1791 Louis XVI tried to escape from Paris, but he was arrested, then in August of the same year the kingdom of Prussia and the Holy Roman Empire tried to help him.
In September of 1792 Austria and Prussia reached Paris. -
It was based on the separation of powers.
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The National Convention was a new assembly elected by male suffrage. The king and queen were executed in 1793, because of this, eurpean monarchies went against revolutionaries.
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It was the second phase of the French Revolution
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The "sans-culotte" got into Tuileries Palace and imprisoned the royal family.
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Freedoms were suspended and people opposed the government. It was imposed to stop conspirators.
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They wrote the constitution of 1793. This constitution recognise the right to social equality and popular sovereignty.
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After his execution absolute monarchies of Europe formed an absolutist coalition against the revolutionaries.
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They wrote anew constitution in 1795. In this constitution the executive power was garanted to the Directory and restored the census suffrage.
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It was an autocratic and an authoritarian rule and It began when Napoleon was name consul in 1799. Its objective were to end the instability of the Revolution, recover the economy and consolidate some of the revolutionary principles.
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Napoleon Bonaparte organised it in context of the Directory's crisis. He was supported by the most part of the bourgeoisie, he started an authoritarian rule, by this moment the French revolution was over.
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A new constitution was created by the new political system. It didn't include a declaration of rights or a separation of powers.
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Napoleon started his conquest in Europe in 1803 and was crowned in 1804 by the Pope.
After the victory in Austerlitz in 1806 French seemed unstoppable. In 1808 they invaded Spain.
1808- They tried to invade Russia but they failed
1812- Revolt in Spain against Joseph Bonaparte
1815- Napoleon abdicated after the defeat in Waterloo -
Napoleon was crowned by the Pope in 1804
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The French Army invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleons brother, was crowned king of Spain.
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It consisted of the violen destruction of machinery in the belief that that was responsible of the unemployment.
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The regin of Ferdinand VII has 3 phases:
-Six years of abrolutism (1814-1820)
-The liberal triennium (1820-1823)
-The Ominous Decade (1823-1833) -
Manifiesto de los Persas is the name given to a document signed on April 12, 1814, in Madrid, by 69 deputies of absolutist tendency, headed by Bernardo Mozo de Rosales. -
Napoleon was defeated in 1815 in Waterloo by Great Britain and Prussia. Then he abdicated and was sent to exile in the island of Saint Helena
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It was created by Austrian Chancellor and its objective were to restore absolutism and to stop the spread of the liberal ideas.
When the Holy Alliance Treaty was sign absolute monarchies would unite against the thread of the liberal revolution. -
When Napoleon was defeated in 1815 the powers that defeated him met at the congress of Vienna and signed the Holy Alliance Treaty. Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria reshaped the European map to their advantage, but without considering people. Napoleonic Empire was divided among the victors and France returned to its borders of 1792.
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Riego's pronunciamiento was the liberal revolution that took place in Spain. After the Spanish War of Independence, the liberals demanded the return of Ferdinand VII, called "the Desired One". They asked him to sign the Constitution of 1812. However, the monarch had another idea in mind. But this changed on January 1, 1820. On that day, Colonel Rafael de Riego made a military pronouncement in Las Cabezas de San Juan in the province of Seville. -
Greece had to pay high taxes to the Ottoman empire, the were excluded from state administration jobs and they were dominated by people who had a different religion and culture.
1822- Greeks declare independence, but Turks didn't accept it
1827- Greeks defeated the Ottoman empire with the help of France and Britain empire.
1830- Greece become independent -
The Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis were a contingent of the French army that invaded Spain in 1823 to restore Bourbon absolutism and uphold the Old Regime that Ferdinand VII of Spain wanted to impose, and together with the Spanish volunteers, put an end to the Royalist War and the Liberal Triennium. The French army remained occupying Spain until 1828. -
The English Combination Acts prohibits workers’ organizations from obtaining higher wages or controlling workplace conditions. The bill was repealed in 1824 as a result of a campaign led by the radical London tailor and political agitator Francis Place and the radical MP Joseph Hume.
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Liberalism and nationalism were the two main forces that were against the congress of Vienna.
The movements began in France and then spread all over Europe. -
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Between 1830 and 1839 there was a conflict after Belgium's declaration of independence.
1839- Belgium's independence was recognise and it started a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. -
It began in the Basque country and, despite having experiencied commanders, the Carlists were defeated by the liberal army of General Espartero. Peace was signed at the Convention of Vergara in 1839.
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It has 5 phases:
-The regency of María Cristina (1833-1840)
-The regency of Espartero (1840-1843)
-Moderate Decade (1843-1854)
-Progressive Biennium (1854-1856)
-The system in decline (1856-1868) -
German customs union established in 1834 under Prussian leadership.
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The National Federation of Trade Unions in 1834 was an early attempt to establish a National Federation of Trade Unions in Britain. In the 1820s, there were many attempts to form a national labor union, and finally the National Labor Protection Association established in 1830.
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The Spanish Constitution of 1837 was promulgated in Spain during the regency of María Cristina de Borbón. It was an initiative of the Progressive Party to approve a consensus constitution with the Moderate Party that would allow the alternation of the two liberal parties without having to change the Constitution every time the government changed. It was in force until 1845, when the Moderate Party imposed its own Constitution. -
La Constitución española de 1845 fue la norma suprema durante el reinado efectivo de Isabel II, que sustituyó a la Constitución de 1837 norma suprema durante su minoría de edad. La Constitución de 1845 estuvo vigente hasta la proclamación de la constitución española de 1869 -
People lived under the rule of an empire or were fragmented into various estates.
In the Austrian empire: there were revolts in Vienna based on ideas of the liberalism and in the rest of the empire were nationalist uprising.
In France the Second Republic was proclaimed and they took democratic measures. -
France proclaimed the second republic during the Spring of Nations and they adopted democratic measures.
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This invention of Henry Bessemer made it possible to manufacture steel. This was a more flexible material, perfect for constructing machinery, buildings and public works.
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Italy was divided and Venice was taken by Austria.
1859- Kingdom of Piedmont started its unification. They declared war on Austria and annexed Lombardy.
1861- Victor Manuel II was proclaimed King of Italy
1866- Austria left Venice
1870- Rome became the capital when the Papal states were annexed. -
The territory was divided into 36 estates , associated with the German Confederation.
1848- 1st freely elected parliament offered the crown of Germany to the king of Prussia, but he refused it.
1861- New political figures in Prussia
1864- War on Denmark
1866- War on Austria
1870- War on France
Won by Prussia
1871- Proclamation of the Second German Empire with Wilhelm I as the Kaiser. -
It was an initiative of Karl Marx and it was created in 1864. Marxists, anarchists and trade unions joined, but their diferent ideologies made it to difficult to work so it split in 1876.
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"Das Kapital" is Karl Marx's basic theoretical article on materialistic philosophy, economics and political science. Like classical political economists such as Adam Smith, Jean Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, and John Stewart Mill, Marx aimed to reveal the economic models that underpin the capitalist mode of production.
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The First Spanish Republic was the political regime in force in Spain from its proclamation by the Cortes. In its first eleven months of the republic four presidents of the Executive Power succeeded each other, all of them from the Federal Republican Party, until General Pavia's coup put an end to the federal republic proclaimed in June 1873 and gave way to the establishment of a unitary republic under the dictatorship of General Serrano, leader of the conservative Constitutional Party. -
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It was created by the Marxists to controls various political parties. It established some symbols of the laubur movement
