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Beginning Duplessis Era
Duplessis was a supporter of economic liberalism. According to this principle, the government should intervene as little as possible in the economy. He believed agriculture was and should continue to be at the heart of Quebec's economy.
1) He brought electricity to farms
2) He let American investors invest in Quebec
3) He was old conservative and old fashion, he thought that chance was bad
4) He introduced the provincial tax in 1954
5) Adopting the fleurdelisé as Quebec's flag in 1948 -
Hydro Electricity
Duplessis modernized agriculture. Quebec farms lacked electricity, it was not worth it for the electric company. In 1944 electric industry went to Hydro-Quebec who took over other company. New Hydro invested in a distribution network. Duplessis used this to get hydro to rural areas. -
End of WW2
Germany surrendered, followed in August of that year by Japan, after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. -
Baby Boom
A Baby Boom occurred just after the Second World War. More than 2 million babies were born during the next 15 years. Furthermore, more than 30 000 immigrants arrived in the Province. They will favour the English culture and language. -
Coal Mining
Outlying regions build railways, hydro plants mining supported the regions (Cote-Nord, Abitibi-Temiskaming, Murdochville, Estrie) -
Period: to
Chapter 3 history
1945 to 1980 -
New Arrivals
After the war, 20,000 to 30,000 immigrants per year, they were mostly European and American. Prior to the war, immigration was principally understood within the context of building an agricultural colossus and assembling an army of workers to tear down forests and wrest ore. After 1945 Europe opened its floodgates as hundreds of thousands sought refuge. There were, too, 41,000 war brides and nearly 20,000 children fathered by Canadian soldiers stationed in the UK during the war. -
Cold War
the US and USSR engaged in a political and ideological standoff that would last several decades. This period, known as the “Cold War”, was marked by distrust, propaganda, espionage, an arms race and the threat of nuclear war. During the Cold War, the US and USSR did not engage in direct conflict. They threw their economic and military might behind countries that shared common interests with their own. -
Consumer society
In the 1950s, the living and working conditions of the Québec population improved. Wages increased and the number of working hours decreased. Québecers can now devote more time to their leisure activities. Credit becomes more accessible, therefore people can purchase more goods and services such as: automobiles and home appliances -
Roman Catholic Church
It continued to control education, hospitals, orphanages, and welfare services. It was also influential in government, unions and the Caisses Populaires. The Church continued to promote large families, rural life, and Christian values. -
Idealization of rural life
It was believed that the rural communities were the best places to promote traditional values such as family life, gratifying work and religious beliefs. Agriculture was and should continue to be at the heart of Quebec's economy in order to avoid urbanization and associated problems such as unemployment -
Indian Residential Schools
1) Post-war Indians were still subject to a policy of assimilation.
2) Residential schools were beginning to be seen as a failure…because of cost.
3) Indians could attend the same school as white Canadians. Up to provinces In 1969, the government pulled funding, they went non-religious -
US influence
Many Canadians were able to watch American Television. The growing popularity and influence of American television, movies and music were concerning Canadian policymakers, as a result, the Massey Commission recommended that Canada need to be protected from American cultural influences. -
First Canadian television Station
The first Canadian Television Stations emerged in Montreal and Toronto. Although expensive, the overwhelming majority (90%) of Canadians had at least 1 television set in their households by the end of the decade. -
Urban Agglomeration
1.Baby Boom plus immigration changed the landscape.
2.Development of cities is on the rise.
3.Suburbs are created
4.Cities spread out (Urban sprawl)
5.The car is becoming popular, which means they need new roads
6.DDO created in 1960 -
Law Change in Quebec
Quebec changed its laws, makes the province less racist. This encouraged more immigrants. -
Quiet Revolution (La Révolution tranquille)
Main Features:
To make the Quebec gov’t the major force behind Quebec's social and economic development by greatly increasing the role of the state in both of these sectors (Hydro-Quebec became gov’t owned, trans-Canada expanded, Montreal Metro).
To modernize Quebec's educational system and to allow it to catch up to the other provinces in Canada. (Parent Committee, free public school till 16, MEQ created)
To weaken the influence of the Church and to end Quebec's political isolation. -
Neo-Nationalism
The Québec government’s nationalist direction changed. The government no longer championed provincial autonomy only, but also the recognition of its own identity and distinct status. From this point on, the majority of Québec Francophones shared a stronger sense of belonging to the Québec territory. They began to refer to themselves as “Québécois” rather than “French Canadians”. -
Socio-Cultrual vitality
The measures taken to affirm cultural identity and the establishment of cultural venues by the state in the 1960s allowed artistic and cultural production to flourish. Québécois identity became an increasingly important element in the work of Québec artists. -
Quebec Nationalism continued
Office de la langue Francaise was created to promote the French language.The language issue was very big in Quebec politics and several pieces of legislation were passed. Bill 63, Official language act, Bill 22 -
Expo 67
General de Gaulle of France comes to Montreal to celebrate 100 birthday of Canada (Expo 67 world fair), from City hall he calls out “Vive le Quebec libre”- his words send Les Quebecois into an uproar -
The relationships between the First Nations and the state
the First Nations have been negotiating their autonomy with the governments of Québec and Canada. This is an ethical hurdle because their ancestral rights (hunting, fishing, territorial rights, etc.) were difficult to establish within the judicial system imposed on them. Indigenous people rejected the white paper developed by the federal government entitled Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy, 1969. -
October Crisis
FLQ kidnapped James Cross and Pierre Laporte. Prime Minister Trudeau used the war measures act to call out the army, and hundreds of FLQ members are arrested. -
The King of Canada
King Jason Thompson was born in the 1970s. In 2000, King Thomson was stripped from his throne and put in a classroom to teach the peasants of this world about his superiority. -
Aboriginalism
Aboriginal peoples also began to assert their conception of the nation. Large hydroelectric projects of the 1960s and 1970s were to require the flooding of lands necessary for maintaining are taken traditional way of life that the Aboriginal peoples saw as a characteristic of their identity. Aboriginal people are mobilizing and asserting themselves to demand respect for their rights. -
Bill 101
Only French signs were allowed in public spaces, only children with English speaking parents educated in Quebec could go to English schools. -
protection of Farmlands
New law to protect farmland. Foreign investors were buying and selling land making it too expensive for farmers.
1) Farmland can’t be used to build a business or residence
2) Illegal to cut down maple trees because of maple syrup
3) Can’t divide lots
4) No removal of organic matter
5) Non-residents can’t buy farmland
