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- He was a respected law maker
- He was very religious
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Norman story - Harold takes an oath to help William become king
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Causes:
- Tostig was a southerner and didn't fit in
- Tostig taxed Northumbria too heavily
- Tostig was unjust and abused his power
Overall he was highly resented by Northumbria -
Edward left no heir to the throne as he had no children
There were 4 contestants for the throne:
- Egard the Aethling | Only 14 years old | nephew to Edward
- Harold Godwinson | Chosen by Witan |
- Harald Hardrada | Viking | King of Norway
- William of Normandy | Claimed to have been promised the throne -
- After seeing the earls weren't going to submit, William set out on a march, destroying homes and farms, trying to use fear to gain power.
- William marched all the way to Berkhamstead where he was met by Edgar Aethling, Edwin and Morcar.
- They all submitted to William, offering him the crown.
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- Appointed by Witan
- Harold Godwinson was the most powerful earl before Edward's death
- Earl of Wessex
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- Harald Hardrada + Tostig attack England and win
- Harald and Tostig set up camp at Stamford Bridge
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- Harold Godwinson marches his army north to suprise Hardrada and Tostig
- Harald Hardrada + Tostig are unprepared
- Harold Godwinson loses a third of his troops and his army is left weakened
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- They instantly build a castle to secure their position
- They wait for Harold Godwinson to arrive
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- Harold forms a shield wall
- Normans perform a feigned retreat causing English soldiers to break formation
- Norman soldiers turn back around to kill English soldiers
- Harold Godwinson dies (supposedly shot in eye)
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- William was ruthless and pursued a strategy of detruction and creating fear
- He built Motte and Bailey castles to hold power
- Created marcher earldoms to reward followers and protect England from a Welsh attack
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- Caused because of Edwin and Morcar losing part of their earldoms and resentment against high tax
- They were joined by Edgar Aethling
- Revolt was quickly crushed, Edgar escaped to Scotland and Edwin and Morcar were pardoned
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- Earl of Northumbria, Robert Cumin was killed
- Edgar Aethling supported the revolt
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- Caused by Robert Cumin's death (Earl of Northumbria)
- William burned towns and murdered people
- He put salt in the ground so that crops do not grow
- Many fled from the North and some even turned to cannibalism
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Stigand was corrupt because of:
Nepotism - Favouring relatives when giving jobs
Pluralism - Having more than one job
Simony - Taking money for granting jobs
- Lanfranc was also Regent for William I -
At Ely (Swampy Wetlands)
Hereward escaped while Morcar was imprisoned for life -
Who:
- Waltheof | Earl of Northumbria | Ango-Saxon | Informed Lanfranc of the planned revolt | Aimed to get Anglo-Saxon support
- Ralph de Gael | Earl of East Anglia |
- Roger de Breteuil | Earl of Hereford | Son of William FitzOsbern
Overall the revolt failed as Danish support arrived too late, there was little Anglo-Saxon support, and Waltheof telling Lanfranc of the revolt.
- Waltheof was imprisoned the executed
- Roger was imprisoned for life
- Ralph escaped to Britanny -
- Robert's two younger brothers (William Rufus and Henry) played a prank on him
- William I did not punish the two younger brothers and Robert decided to raise an army against his father.
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For raising troops without royal permission
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- No other European country had made such detailed surveys of landholding. This showed the power William had.
- It may have been made so William gets more money from his tenants
- William feared a Viking invasion and wanted to see how many extra soldiers each tenant-in-chief could bring
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Usually the eldest son would be the heir to the throne. However, William chose William Rufus to be king of England and Robert Curthose to be Duke of Normandy.
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- He supported Robert Curthose's claim to the Throne
- And thought he could be more easily controlled
- Odo hoped Robert Curthose would assist him in the rebellion, but help never came and Odo was forced to surrender