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Acte de Suprématie qui fonde l’Église Anglicane et fait du roi Henry VIII le chef unique et suprême de l’Église -
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held in the Italian city of Trent = the symbol of Counter Reformation
- the Roman Catholic church attempted to correct some of the abuses of the church
- and harshly condemned protestant heresies -
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Religious belief
- every parish had to use the Book of Common Prayer
- people who did not attend an Anglican service were fined. -
Church organisation
- abolished the authority of the Pope
- restored the authority of the Queen over the Church
- She became “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”. -
A compromise created under Elizabeth I reign.
- Kept Catholic features (eg: episcopal structure > pyramid-like, with bishops and archbishops; kept priestly clothes)
- Adopted new Protestant ones (eg: Bible in English, no cult of saints or Virgin Mary)
- the aim was to appeal to the largest number. -
Doctrine
- stated the doctrine (religious belief) of the Church
- 3 important changes : a new ecclesiology (conception of the Church) / a new doctrine of Salvation (doctrine du salut) / a new definition of sacraments and of the mass
- still in use today -
A text created by the Pope Pius V
- it called Elizabeth “The so-called queen” (!), “a heretic favouring heretics”.
- It excommunicated Elizabeth
- = almost giving Catholics licence to kill her with the certainty that it would not be seen as a crime by Rome. -
made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales. -
(“Act to retain the Queen’s Majesty’s Subjects in their due Obedience”):
- It provided for the death penalty for any person converting, or already converted to Catholicism.
- It was now forbidden to participate or celebrate the Catholic Mass
- Anglican services were compulsory: £20 per month fine. -
Young Catholics had sworn to kill Elizabeth and put Mary Stuart on the throne but their strategies were discovered by Francis Walsingham, when he managed to decipher a coded letter between Marie Stuart and this group. -
Mary Queen of Scots was convicted for complicity and sentenced to death. She was executed in 1587 in Fotheringham Castle, wearing a bright red dress, the colour of Catholic martyrs. -
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James was proclaimed King of
Scotland in 1567, but was crowned King of England in
1603 on Elizabeth’s death -
A conspiracy devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up
Parliament and kill James I. -
The first permanent settlement (1585 : a failed attempt by Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a settlement in Roanoke, Virginia)
Named after James I -
Period of starvation, only 60 of the 500 colonists survived.
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• Military defeats (Lord Buckingham, the King’s advisor became very
unpopular)
• England at war with Spain and France -
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• They requested the King to recognise the illegality of extra-parliamentary taxation, billeting, martial law, imprisonment without trial.
• Wanted to get Charles to recognise that there were limits to his powers
• Charles reluctantly signed it but was furious, and as MPs were
discussing impeaching Lord Buckingham again, he suspended parliament seating. -
Passed by the MPs
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11 years when the King ruled without calling a parliament
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It summarized all the wrong doing of Charles I and concluded on “revolutionary” demands
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The First civil war would cost the lives of 190 000 Englishmen (in combat/from diseases) and last for four years.
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England was declared a Commonwealth (a republic)
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- England declared a “Commonwealth” = governed by its people without a King.
- But failure to reach stability and creation of a military protectorate ruled by Cromwell.
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England’s first and only written constitution.
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The Protectorate was a MILITARY DICTATORSHIP.
Similar to a monarchy without a King. -
Issued by Charles II.
It promised:
- A general amnesty (pardon)
- To continue religious toleration
- To share power with Parliament
…in return for the restoration of monarchy. -
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Rumour of a plot organised by the French to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II.
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Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne.
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established religious pluralism, and freedom of worship for all Protestants.
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- Settled the order of succession and ensured a Protestant succession, ignoring dozens of Catholic heirs
- Successor: Hanoverian descendants of James I
- Key role in the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain
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Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England (and Wales) and Scotland, old dream of James I.
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Grievances against George III
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Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States
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Britain had built a large empire with colonies in America and the West Indies
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Britain at war with France Combatting revolutionary ideology + maritime, colonial and economic motives
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- an uprising against British rule in Ireland
- Influenced by the ideas of the American and French revolutions
- Presbyterian radicals + Catholics
- Rebels defeated (/atrocities)
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unit le royaume de Grande-Bretagne et le royaume d’Irlande, créant le Royaume Uni de Grande Bretagne et d’Irlande
Après un premier Acte d’union en 1707 unissant les deux royaumes d’Angleterre et d’Écosse -
Created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Merged the Parliament of Ireland into the Parliament of the UK