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Flying shuttle
Key invention for the textile industry created by John Kay. This device helped with the invention of the automatic machine looms. -
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Charles IV´s reign
He reigned during the French revolution and the Napoleonic Empire. His most important minister was Godoy, who tried to protect the royal family from the french troops. -
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First industrial revolution
The first industrial revolution was a process developed in Great Britain during the 18th and 19th century. This process was centered in the use of machines and not agriculture. -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Secret agreement between Spain and France. This treaty stated that France gave the territory of Louisiana to Spain. -
Spinning Jenny
This device created by James Hargreaves reduced considerably the time needed to produce thread -
Water frame
Type of spinning machine driven by a water wheel that was developed during the early stages of the industrial revolution by Richard Arkwright. -
Steam Engine
The modern steam engine was invented by James Watt. This new device used coal as fuel and was a huge impact in a lot of industries. -
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American Revolutionary war
Conflict that faced the 13 american colonies against the british to fight for the colonies´ independence. The UK was defeated in this war. -
U.S declaration of independence
Document written by the Continental Congress to declare, as its name expresses, independence for the 13 U.S colonies. -
Spinning mule
Machine used to spin cotton and other materials patented by Richard Roberts. It was widely used from the 19th to 20th centuries -
Treaty of Versailles
This treaty brought peace an marked the end of the U.S independence war, it was signed by the U.S, Englanf, France, the Netherlands and Spain. -
Power weaving loom
This device was key to the textile industry during the industrial revolution. It was designed and patented by Edmund Cartwright. -
Adoption of the U.S constitution
The U.S constitution was finally adopted in September 1788 after months of back and forth between the colonies. -
The calling of the Estates General
Assembly proposed by Louis XVI to increase taxes. This marked the start of the french revolution -
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The National Assembly
Assembly formed by the Third Estate after having their proposal for a nev voting system denied by the king in the Estates General meeting. They demanded a constitution. -
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The Constituent Assembly
Assembly elected to write a constitution after the Third Estate´s demands. -
The capture of the Bastille
Attack made by a group of protesters during a riot. -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Legal reform implemented by the Constituent Assembly which stated that all men are born free and equal in their rights. -
The Constituent Assembly adopts a constitution
The assembly wrote the constitution, establishing a constitutional monarchy, limited male suffrage and separation of powers. -
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The Legislative Assembly
Sucessor of the Constituent Assembly dominated by two groups: the Girondins (wealthy bourgeoisie) and the Jacobins (petite bourgeoisie). -
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The Convention
Single-chamber assembly that succesed the Legislative Assembly and founded the First Republic. This was the most radical phase of the French Revolution. -
Death of Louis XVI
Louis XVI was executed after being accused of treason. -
Treaty of Basel
Agreement between Spain and France that restored to Spain peninsular territory lost during the Franco-Spanish War and gave France Santo Domingo. -
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The Directory
A conservative form of goverment composed by 5 members that was established by the french middle-class moderates -
Coup of 18 Brumaire
The end of the french revolution. The general Napoleon Bonaparte established the new form of goverment called the Consul -
Treaty of San Ildefonso
Agreement between France and Spain during the Napoleonic wars. In this treaty, Spain and France exchanged territories. -
Locomotive
This device was invented by Richard Trevithick in England. It was key to the transport industry as it was used to transport people and goods. -
Approval of the Civil Code
A set of laws that applied equally to all citizens. It introduced new legal concepts, such as civil marriage, divorce and public education -
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Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon began his empire in 1799 with his military coup. His achievements were the creation of the Civil Code and the abolition of the absolute monarchy. Napoleon´s empire ended in the Battle of Waterloo. -
Battle of Trafalgar
Naval battle in which several countries tried to defeat and dissolve the french army. -
Battle of Austerlitz
It was one of the most important battes of the Napoleonic War. In this battle, napoleon´s troops fought against Russia and Austria. -
Establishment of the Continental Blockade
Sabotage made by Napoleon to the British to try and defeat them. This blockade consisted in blocking the british trade and economy. -
Launch of the first steamship
It was the first Passenger steam-boat in the world to transport people. -
Uprising of the people of Madrid
The rebellion was performed by the citizens of Madrid to fight against the french occupation -
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War of independence
This conflict (Spanish against french occupation) happened due to the protests that the people of Madrid did. These protests encouraged other parts of Spain to fight against the french. -
Abdications of Bayonne
Series of abdications by Fernando VII, Carlos IV and, later, Napoleon. Joseph I was given the throne. -
Revolt of Aranjuez
This revolt ocurred due to Godoy´s, Carlos IV´s best minister, politics. -
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Reign of Joseph I
He imposed the Bayonne Constitution. Most of the spanish people disliked these ideas, although some spanish people, the afrancesados, supported him. -
Battle of Bailén
This battle took place during the spanish war of independence, it was the first defeat of the Napoleonic troops. -
Independence of Argentina
The argentinian wars for independence lasted almost 8 years, until the people of argentinia got their independence from Spain. -
Independence of Colombia
This war lasted about 15 years, until the colombians won their independences from Spain. -
Independence of Mexico
This war lasted about 11 years, until the mexicans won their independence from Spain -
Convocation of the Cortes of Cádiz
The Regency Council, which replaced the Central Council, called the Cortes of Cádiz. -
Luddites
Group formed by the working class that protested against the use of machines. Their way of protesting was to destroy the machines that were replacing them. -
Approval of "La Pepa"
"La Pepa" was Spain´s first constitution, approved by the Cortes of Cádiz. -
Independence of Chile
This war lasted about 13 years, until the people of Chile got the independence from Spain. -
Treaty of Valençay
This treaty declared peace between Fernando VII and Napoleon Bonaparte. -
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Absolutist Sexenio
Fernando VII got his power back thanks to Francisco Javier Elío´s coup. Fernando established absolutism back. -
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Congress of Vienna
Congress created by the European powers to restore the absolute monarchy and change Europe´s borders after the defeat of the Napoleonic. -
Battle of Waterloo
This war against the british troops ended Napoleon Bonaparte´s empire. -
Creation of the Holy Alliance
Group formed by Russia, Austria and Prussia in which these countries´ kings supported each other. It didn´t have an important role. -
First liberal revolutionary wave
These waves ocurred due to the descontent of the people with the return of the Ancien Régime. In the first one, Spain and Portugal fought for constitutional monarchies and Greece seeked independence from the Ottoman Empire. -
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Trienio liberal
It occured during the first liberal revolutionary wave. It was the middle stage in Fernando VII´s reign. -
Independence of Peru
In this date José de San Martín proclaimed with his troops the independence of Peru. -
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Ominous decade
This period was characterised by how Fernando VII reestablished the absolute monarchy and persecuted the liberals. -
First commercial train
The first public train was the Stockton and Darlington Railway, in North East England. It was the first one to transport people. -
Second liberal revolutionary wave
In the second wave, Belgium wanted independence from Holland and, due to the lack of consideration Charles X had with the Legislative Assembly, France choose Louis Philippe of Orleans to be a constitutional monarch. -
First trade unions
Association of workers that took part in the same industry. They supported each other in case of accident or injury. -
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Regency of María Cristina
Period in which Maria Cristina reigned for her daughter, Isabel (who was a minor) -
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First Carlist War
This war happened due to Carlos (Fernando VII´s brother) demand to be on the throne instead of Isabel II. -
Expropriation of Mendizábal
The ecclesiastical confiscations of Mendizábal were a set of decrees that resulted in the expropriation and privatisation of monastic properties in Spain -
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Chartist movement
Group formed by the working class that send a letter to parliament seeking political reforms that included them in the political system and gave MPs a salary. -
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Regency of Espartero
Period in which Espartero governed for María Cristina´s child, Isabel II -
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The effective reign of Isabel II
Due to Espartero´s fall, Isabel II (who was only 12 years old) had to play her role as the queen of Spain. This was a complicated time for Spain, since the second Carlist war, social inestability and other things happened, -
Third liberal revolutionary wave
In the third wave, the petit bourgeoisie and workers fought for democratic principles that let them have acces to political power. -
Communist manifesto
Book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels during the 19th century. They thought that the means of production should belong to the goverment and not specific individuals. -
Expropriation of Madoz
It included the lands and censuses of the state, the clergy, the military orders of Santiago, Alcántara, Montesa and St. John of Jerusalem,confraternities, sanctuaries and shrines, of Don Carlos and of the mortmains. -
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Italian Unification
The unification of Italy began thanks to the Congress of Vienna, who divided the peninsula into 7 states. Some nationalists achievements encouraged italians to fight for their independence. -
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The first international.
International organisation formed by the working class in London. All kind of anti-capitalists ideologies took part in it, until the disagreements caused the first international to dissolve. -
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German unification
The unification of Germany began thanks to the Congress of Vienna, who divided Germany in 39 different states. It ended in 1871 with the formation of the Second Reich, -
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Provisional goverment
General Serrano and General Prim had to look for a new king (who wans´t a Borbón) and write a new constitution. -
Constitution of 1869
It was named "La Gloriosa". -
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Reign of Amadeus Savoy
He was son of the italian king Victor Emmanuel II. Because of him, the third Carlist war occured. -
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First republic
When Amadeus abdicated, the Cortes proclaimed Spain a republic. During this period, the war continued and there was a division between republicans. -
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Second industrial revolution
The second industrial revolution was developed during the 19th and 20th century. This revolution was best characterised by the rise in finance capitalism and the importance of the financial sector in the industry. -
Foundation of the PSOE
The PSOE was founded with the purpose of representing and defending the interests of the proletariat formed during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century -
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The second international
Second attempt of the members of the international to continue with the organisation. In this second international, only socialist parties and ideologies took part in the meetings that happenned in Paris. They established an 8-hour shift and the workers´ day (May first) -
Foundation of the CNT
The CNT is an anarchist syndicate in Spain