-
PRAGMATIC SANCTION
The Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 allowed female succession and preserved the unity of Habsburg lands, designating Maria Theresa as heir. This led to the War of the Austrian Succession after Charles VI's death. -
FLYING SHUTTLE
The flying shuttle was a pivotal advancement in the mechanization of weaving during the initial stages of the Industrial Revolution. Invented by John Kay in 1733, it represented a significant step toward automatic weaving. -
SPINNING JENNY
The spinning jenny was a significant invention in the industrialization of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 or 1765 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, England. -
INVENTION OF THE STEAM ENGINE
The steam engine, developed by 17th-18th century inventors including Thomas Newcomen and James Watt, generated an exponential change in the power processing capabilities of the world’s machines. The invention led to mechanized factories, railroads and mass production as well as new jobs—and air pollution. It is an essential power source to the Industrial Revolution. While largely outmoded by modern engines, that internal cum bust ion engine paved the way for industrial advancement. -
WATER FRAME
The water frame was a significant innovation in the mechanization of textile production during the Industrial Revolution. Patented by Sir Richard Arkwright in 1769, the water frame represented a major advancement in the spinning of cotton yarn. It was designed to be powered by a water-wheel, which enabled the production of stronger and harder yarn compared to the yarn produced by the spinning jenny. -
Period: to
AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR
Was a significant conflict that led to the independence of the 13 North American colonies from Great Britain. The war took place from 1775 to 1783 and arose from growing tensions between the residents of the colonies and the colonial government, which represented the British crown -
U.S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
The U.S. Declaration of Independence, approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, is a foundational document that expresses the ideals on which the United States was founded. -
ADOPTION OF THE U.S CONSTITUTION
The U.S. Constitution was adopted through a process of ratification by the states. The Constitution would take effect once it had been ratified by nine of the thirteen state legislatures; unanimity was not required. The process of ratification provided for much popular debate in the states -
SPINNING MULE
The spinning mule, invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779, was a pivotal advancement in the mechanization of textile production during the Industrial Revolution. -
POWER WEAVING LOOM
A power weaving loom is a type of loom that uses mechanization to automate the weaving process, reducing the need for manual labor and increasing efficiency. The power loom was a significant invention of the Industrial Revolution and played a crucial role in transforming the textile industry -
Period: to
REIGN OS CHARLES IV
Charles IV was the king of Spain from 1788 to 1808. His reign was marked by a series of disadvantageous alliances and financial difficulties caused by wars. He had a strained relationship with his son Ferdinand, who eventually forced Charles's abdication in 1808. -
CONVOCATION OF THE STATES GENERAL
The convocation of the Estates-General in 1789 marked a significant event in the lead-up to the French Revolution. It was a key step in the process of political and social change in France at the time. -
Period: to
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The First French Industrial Revolution marked significant advancements in manufacturing and transportation spurred by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, laying the foundation for France's industrial transformation. -
Period: to
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
The formation of the National Assembly marked a pivotal moment in the French Revolution, as it challenged the absolute power of the monarchy and set the stage for the revolutionary events that followed, including the storming of the Bastille. Ultimately, it contributed to the transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and, later, to a republic in France. -
Period: to
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY
The work of the Constituent Assembly played a pivotal role in the development of modern democratic and constitutional principles. It represented a move away from the absolute monarchy that had existed in France for centuries and towards a more constitutional and representative system of government. -
STORMING OF THE BASTILLE
The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, was a pivotal event in the French Revolution, symbolizing the fall of the old regime and the beginning of radical change in France. The Bastille, a royal fortress and prison, had come to represent the tyranny of the Bourbon monarchy. -
ADOPTION OF THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZEN
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted on August 26, 1789, is an expression of universal human rights that served as one of the foundational documents of the French Revolution. It lists seventeen points -
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
The Legislative Assembly is also known for its role in the events leading up to the French Republic, including the suspension of the king's powers, the imprisonment of King Louis XVI, and the call for a National Convention to draft a new constitution. -
ADOPTION OF THE FIRST FRENCH CONSTITUTION
The adoption of the first French Constitution took place on September 3, 1791, marking a significant milestone in the French Revolution. The French Constitution of 1791 was the first written constitution in France, created after the collapse of the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime. -
CONVENTION
The National Convention was established after the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly and played a pivotal role in shaping the course of the French Revolution. Its primary objectives included governing France during a time of crisis, drafting a new republican constitution, and addressing the challenges and conflicts faced by the revolutionary government. -
EXECUTION OF THE LOUIS XVI
Louis XVI, the last king of France in the line of Bourbon monarchs preceding the French Revolution of 1789, was publicly executed on January 21, 1793, during the French Revolution at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. -
DIRECTORY
The Directory, while intended to provide a more moderate and stable form of government after the radical phase of the French Revolution, faced considerable challenges and was unable to maintain political stability and effectively address the country's problems. The rise of Napoleon Bonaparte signaled the end of the Directory and marked the beginning of the Napoleonic era in France. -
TREATY OF BASEL
The Treaty of Basel has been mentioned in different contexts in the search results. The Treaty of Basel (1795) refers to an agreement between France and Spain that recognized the French acquisition of the Rhineland and restored peninsular territory to Spain that had been lost during the French Revolutionary Wars -
CONSULATE
The Consulate represented a period of relative political stability and reforms in France following the tumultuous years of the French Revolution and the Directory. It also marked the consolidation of power by Napoleon Bonaparte, who would go on to become one of the most influential figures in European history. -
NAPOLEON´S COUP D´ÉTAT
Napoleon's coup d'état, known as the Coup of 18 Brumaire, took place on November 9-10, 1799, and marked a significant turning point in French history. The event led to the overthrow of the Directory and the establishment of the Consulate, ultimately paving the way for Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power. -
TREATY OF SAN ILDEFONSO
The Treaty of San Ildefonso refers to multiple treaties throughout history. However, the most notable one is the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed on October 1, 1800, between the Spanish Empire and the French Republic. -
INVENTION OF THE LOCOMOTIVE
The invention of the locomotive, specifically the steam locomotive, played a crucial role in the development of railways and revolutionized transportation during the Industrial Revolution. The locomotive allowed for faster and more efficient transportation of goods and people over long distances. -
ADOPTION OF THE NAPOLEONIC CIVIL CODE
The adoption of the Napoleonic Civil Code, also known as the French Civil Code, took place on March 21, 1804, during the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. The Napoleonic Code was a comprehensive civil code that aimed to reform and unify the legal system in France. It had a profound impact not only in France but also in many other countries, as it served as a model for legal frameworks around the world. -
Period: to
NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
The Napoleonic Empire left a lasting impact on France and Europe. Napoleon's military conquests and legal reforms had a profound influence on the continent's political and legal systems. His era also contributed to the spread of nationalism and the redrawing of European borders. Napoleon's rule and his military campaigns are central to the history of the early 19th century in Europe. -
BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR
The Battle of Trafalgar, a pivotal naval engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, took place on October 21, 1805, off the coast of Cape Trafalgar, Spain. The battle established British naval supremacy for over a century and had far-reaching implications for European and global geopolitics. -
INDEPENDENCE OF ARGENTINA
The independence of Argentina refers to the process by which Argentina gained independence from Spanish colonial rule. The Argentine independence movement began in 1806 when British attacks on Buenos Aires were repelled by local militia with little help from Spain -
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTINENTAL BLOCKADE
The Continental Blockade, also known as the Continental System, was a large-scale embargo imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte against the British Empire from November 21, 1806, until April 11, 1814, during the Napoleonic Wars. -
TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU
-
LAUNCH OF THE FIRST STEAMSHIP
The first steamship is often attributed to the Clermont, built by Robert Fulton and launched in 1807. The Clermont was a paddle-wheel steamboat that operated on the Hudson River in New York. It was the first commercially successful steam-powered vessel and played a significant role in the development of steam navigation. -
ABDICATIONS OF BAYONNE
The Abdications of Bayonne refer to a series of forced abdications that took place in Bayonne, France, in May 1808. The abdications involved the Spanish monarchy and were orchestrated by Napoleon Bonaparte, the French emperor at the time. -
Period: to
REIGN OF JOSEPH I
Joseph I of Spain (king of Spain during 1808 to 1813)
Portuguese and British opposition forces who initiated the Peninsular War in 1808 while he served as king of Spain having been installed by Napoleon Bonaparte after suffering a series of military defeats. His reign was marked by much turmoil and opposition, which ultimately resulted in his abdication and the return of Spanish sovereignty. -
REVOLT OF ARANJUEZ
The Revolt of Aranjuez, also known as the Tumult of Aranjuez or the Mutiny of Aranjuez, was an uprising that took place in the town of Aranjuez, Spain, on March 17-19, 1808. The revolt was directed against King Charles IV of Spain and his chief minister, Manuel de Godoy, who was widely unpopular. -
WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
They were wars of expansion or defense of the existing nation-state of France. -
UPRISING OF THE PEOPLE OF MADRID
The Uprising of the People of Madrid, also known as the Dos de Mayo Uprising, was a significant event that took place on May 2, 1808, in Madrid, Spain. The uprising was a response to the occupation of Spain by French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte during the Peninsular War. -
BATTLE OF BAILÉN
The Battle of Bailén was fought on July 19, 1808, during the Peninsular War, which was part of the Napoleonic Wars. It took place in Bailén, Spain, between the Spanish Army of Andalusia, led by General Francisco Javier Castaños, and the Imperial French Army's II Corps d'observation de la Gironde, commanded by General Pierre Dupont. -
CREATION OF THE FIRST TRADE UNIONS
The labor movement and the formation of trade unions varied in different countries and regions, and the development of trade unions continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. -
CONVOCATION OF THE COURTS OF CADIZ
The Convocation of the Courts of Cádiz refers to a historical event that took place in Cádiz, Spain, during the early 19th century. It was a significant political assembly that played a crucial role in the development of Spanish constitutionalism. -
APPEARANCE OF THE LUDDITES
The Luddites were a group of workers in the early 19th century who protested against the introduction of new machinery in the textile industry. They have been described as people violently opposed to technological change -
APPROVAL OF "LA PEPA"
"La Pepa" is commonly associated with the Spanish Constitution of 1812, which was approved by the Cortes of Cádiz. The constitution earned the nickname "La Pepa" because it was promulgated on March 19, which coincided with the feast day of St. Joseph, known as "San José" in Spanish, and "Pepa" is a diminutive form of the name Joseph. -
TREATY OF VALLENÇAY
The Treaty of Valençay, also known as the Treaty of Vallenay, was an agreement signed in December 1813 between King Ferdinand VII of Spain and Napoleon Bonaparte. The treaty was signed at the Château de Valençay in France. -
Period: to
VIENNA CONGRESS
The Congress of Vienna was an assembly that took place from September 1814 to June 1815, reorganizing Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It aimed to establish a new European order following the defeat of Napoleon, and it set out a strategy to maintain peace and stability throughout the continent -
Period: to
ABSOLUTIST SEXENIO
It lasted from January 1, 1814, to December 31, 1820. During this period, Ferdinand VII of Spain returned to the Spanish throne and abolished the Constitution that had been established during the liberal period of the Spanish War of Independence. -
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
The Battle of Waterloo marked the end of Napoleon Bonaparte's rule and the Napoleonic era in Europe. It also led to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France with the ascension of Louis XVIII. The battle is considered one of the most significant events in European history and had a profound impact on the future political landscape of the continent. -
CREATION OF THE HOLY ALLIANCE
The Holy Alliance was a loose organization formed in Paris on September 26, 1815, by Alexander I of Russia, Francis I of Austria, and Frederick William III of Prussia. The alliance was established during the negotiations for the Second Peace of Paris after the final defeat of Napoleon. -
INDEPENDENCE OF COLOMBIA
The independence of Colombia refers to the process by which Colombia gained independence from Spanish colonial rule. The Colombian War of Independence, which took place from about 1808 to 1818, played a crucial role in achieving independence. -
Period: to
TRIENIO LIBERAL
The Trienio Liberal, also known as the Three Liberal Years, refers to a period of three years in Spanish history from 1820 to 1823. It was a time of liberal rule and political reforms in Spain. -
INDEPENDENCE OF MEXICO
The independence of Mexico refers to the process by which Mexico gained independence from Spanish colonial rule. The Mexican War of Independence, which took place from approximately 1808 to 1821, played a crucial role in achieving independence. -
Period: to
OMINOUS DECADE
The Ominous Decade, also known as the Década Ominosa in Spanish, refers to a period in Spanish history from 1823 to 1833. It was characterized by the restoration of absolutist rule and the suppression of liberal and constitutionalist ideals. -
FIRST COMMERCIAL TRAIN
The first commercial train is often attributed to the Stockton and Darlington Railway in North East England. On September 27, 1825, Locomotion No. The steam locomotive built by George Stephenson, became the world's first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public line. -
INDEPENDENCE OF CHILE
The independence of Chile refers to the process by which Chile gained independence from Spanish colonial rule. The Chilean War of Independence, which took place from about 1808 to 1818, played a crucial role in achieving independence. -
INDEPENDENCE OF PERU
The independence of Peru refers to the process by which Peru gained independence from Spanish colonial rule. The Peruvian War of Independence, which took place from 1809 to 1826, played a crucial role in achieving independence. -
Period: to
FIRST CARLIST WAR
The First Carlist War was a conflict that took place in Spain from 1833 to 1840. It was one of the Carlist Wars, a series of civil wars fought between the Carlists, who supported the claim of Carlos, Count of Molina, to the Spanish throne, and the supporters of Isabella II, who was recognized as the legitimate queen by the liberal government. -
EXPROPRIATION OF MENDIZÁBAL
The expropriation of Mendizábal refers to a series of decrees and legislation implemented by Juan Álvarez Mendizábal, a Spanish economist and politician, in the 19th century. These measures, known as the Ecclesiastical Confiscations or la Desamortización, resulted in the expropriation and privatization of monastic properties in Spain from 1835 to 1837. -
Period: to
CHARTIST MOVEMENT
The Chartist movement was a significant political and social movement that emerged in the United Kingdom during the mid-19th century. It aimed to advocate for political reform and the extension of suffrage to a broader segment of the population. The movement derived its name from the People's Charter, a document that outlined the demands of the Chartists. -
Period: to
REGENCY OF ESPARTERO
The Regency of Baldomero Espartero refers to the period when Baldomero Espartero served as regent of Spain from 1841 to 1843. After forcing Maria Christina, the previous regent and queen consort, into exile due to her conspiracy with the moderates, Espartero assumed the regency with the intention of remaining in power until Queen Isabella II came of age -
FIRST LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
The First Liberal Revolutionary Wave, also known as the Revolutions of 1848, was a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date. -
THIRD LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
-
Period: to
ITALIAN UNIFICATION
The Italian unification, also known as the Risorgimento, was a political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy. The process began in the early 19th century and culminated in the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, with further territorial additions in 1866 and 1870. -
DRAFTING OF THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
The Communist Manifesto was drafted by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It was first published on February 21, 1848, in London by a group of German-born revolutionary socialists known as the Communist League -
SECOND LIBERAL REVOLUTIONARY WAVE
The Second Liberal Revolutionary Wave, also known as the Revolutions of 1848, was a series of revolutions that swept across Europe from 1848 to 1849. These revolutions were characterized by a widespread desire for democratic reforms and liberal principles. -
EXPROPRIATION OF MADOZ
The expropriation of Madoz refers to a confiscation carried out by Finance Minister Madoz during the bienio progresista period in Spain in 1855. This confiscation was executed with greater control than the previous confiscation by Mendizbal. -
Period: to
FIRST INTERNATIONAL
The First International, also known as the International Workingmen's Association, was a significant political organization that emerged in the 19th century. It was founded in 1864 in London and aimed to unite a variety of different socialist, communist, and anarchist groups and trade unions in order to achieve common goals. -
Period: to
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (SERRANO)
The Provisional Government (Serrano) led Spain after the 1868 Glorious Revolution, transitioning the country towards a constitutional monarchy. General Francisco Serrano served as Regent until King Amadeo I was elected in 1870. -
CONSTITUTION OF 1869
The Constitution of 1869 refers to two different constitutions, one in Texas and another in Spain. -
Period: to
REIGN OF AMADEUS OF SAVOY
Amadeus I of Savoy, also known as Amadeo I, reigned as King of Spain from 1870 to 1873. He was the first and only king of Spain from the House of Savoy and the second son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Prior to his reign in Spain, he held the title of Duke of Aosta, which was the customary title for a second son in the Savoyard dynasty -
Period: to
GERMAN UNIFICATION
German unification, completed on January 18, 1871, consolidated various independent German-speaking states into the German Empire, driven by Prussia and Otto von Bismarck through diplomacy and military force. This transformed Germany into a major European power. -
Period: to
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Second Industrial Revolution, spanning from 1873 to 1914, was a period of significant technological, economic, and social advancements. This era was characterized by the widespread adoption of electric power and the development of new industries such as steel, oil, and chemicals. -
Period: to
FIRST REPUBLIC
The First Republic, also known as the First Spanish Republic, refers to a period in Spanish history when Spain was governed as a republic. It lasted from February 11, 1873, to December 29, 1874. The establishment of the First Republic followed the abdication of King Amadeus I of Savoy in 1873. -
FOUNDATION OF THE PSOE
The PSOE, or the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, is one of the major political parties in Spain. It has a long history dating back to its foundation in 1879. -
Period: to
REGENCY OF MARIA CHRISTINA
Maria Christina of Austria was the queen consort of Alfonso XII of Spain from 1879 to 1885. -
Period: to
SECOND INTERNATIONAL
The Second International, also known as the International Working Union of Socialist Parties, was a significant political organization that operated from 1889 to 1916. It succeeded the International Workingmen's Association and was followed by the Communist International and later the Labour and Socialist International. -
FOUNDATION OF THE CNT
The CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) is a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist labor union that was founded in 1910. It played a significant role in the labor movement and social struggles in Spain during the early 20th century. -
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, at the Palace of Versailles outside Paris, France, marked the end of World War I and established the terms of peace between the Allied Powers and Germany. The treaty had significant implications for the post-war world and has been a subject of historical analysis and debate. -
Period: to
EFFECTIVE REIGN OF ELIZABETH II
Queen Elizabeth II's effective reign lasted from February 6, 1952, until her passing on September 8, 2022. She became queen at the age of 25 following the death of her father, King George VI. Queen Elizabeth II's reign spanned an impressive 70 years, making her the longest-reigning monarch in British history