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The Assembly 'abolishes' the ancien (feudal) regime, incuding:
-> Venality
-> All financial privileges
-> Tithes
-> Distinction of birth in relation to employment
-> Seigneurial courts SIGNIFICANCE:
-> The ancien regime had ended and would be replaced by liberty, equality and popular sovereignty
-> Encouraged further legislation to be made.
-> The beginning of the bourgeoisie revolution.
-> Fuelled the resentment of the Third Estate- it did not satisfy their economic grievances. -
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The 'blueprint of the Revolution; reflected the ideas of the Enlightenment.
-> "All men are free and equal in rights"
-> Freedom of speech
-> Fair detainment and trial
-> No political or religious discrimination
-> Right to representation SIGNIFICANCE:
-> The fundamental structure of the Constitution
-> Did not clarify who was a "citizen of France"
-> "A statement of bourgeois idealism"-Peter McPhee
-> People were permitted to express their political views-establishment of political clubs. -
849 votes to 89 in favour of the bourgeois deputies SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Deputies didn't trust the nobility or the King.
-> The monarchiens lose a significant amount of power to the more radical deputies.
-> Royalists cannot overrule the deputies as they now have much less power.
-> A lot of mistrust within the Assembly-will later cause tension between factions. -
Suspensive veto= delaying the implimentation of legislation.
673 to 325 votes; 11 deputies abstain, SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Lost most of his authority: couldn't appoint judges, declare war or sign documents/ treaties without the NA's consent.
-> Therefore his influence decreased in exchange for the NA's to increase.
-> Louis was also given an allowance of 25 million francs per year: very humiliating because he is a divine ruler
-> Very evident that the Assembly was not strictly alligned with the King. -
-> France fuels the power of the nation
-> "There is no power in France superior to the law"; not even the King.
-> The crown is heriditary
-> The National Assembly is the Legislative Power: all laws must be made and passed by them in conjuction with the King. -
60,000 workers (predominantly women) and members of the National Guard marched to Versailles protesting against high bread prices, unsigned decrees and King Louis' lack of presence in Paris. SIGNIFICANCE;
-> Mass dissatisfaction with the King's rule.
-> The August Decrees and the DORMAC were passed.
-> The Royal Family and the NCA were forced to return to a more radical Paris (more vulnerable and under pressure, now answerable to sans-culottes).
-> Violent potential of the crowds is shown. -
France is split into 83 departments, which were then sub-divided into districts, cantons and communes. SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Satisified some of the criteria in many of the cahiers.
-> Confusing and overlapping borders were eliminated.
-> Local governments were established in each department instead of local lords (bourgeoisie were gaining more control and authority).
-> Education, religion, public matters and taxation were maintained by these governments (less room from corruption). -
All hereditary and noble titles were abolished. SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Citizens could only use their family name.
-> Neither coat of arms nor livery (worn by servants) were permitted.
-> People were to be addressed as "citizen" or "citizeness".
-> A real sense of equality: many social barriers between clases had now been removed/ -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Only 80 bishiops (reduced from 135)
-> Prevented bishop absenteeism
-> Alienated the upper clergy from supporting the Revolution.
-> Church land sold as 'biens nationaux' for profit-loss of wealth, power and status.
-> Church is no longer a private organisation-it is being infilttated by outsiders (non-Catholics). -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> The clergy was forced to swear allegiance to the Assembly (the Revolution) over their faith.
-> Tensions increased between the Assembly and the Catholic Church-leads to the Pope's papal bull [April 13 1791].
-> Lack of support (7 out of 85 bishops and one quarter of the clergy) for the oath demonstrated their opposition against the Revolution.
-> Fuelled the Vendee Rebellion -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> King Louis XVI is now vulnerable-has lost key advisor and must now make decisions without his valuable input.
-> The people had also lost a key revolutionary figure who they believed represented and stood up for them (and their rights). They too were now more uncertain and concerned about the future. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Demonstrated that Louis XVI was not committed to the Revolution-TRAITOR.
-> Unease increased regarding the monarchy's connections with Austria and Prussia-more rumours of treason and betrayal.
-> People stopped supporting him and now believed that a constutional monarchy was impossible .
-> One of the key reasons that was used against Louis and led to his death.
-> Paranoia and suspicion heightened in Paris in regards to counter-revolutionary activity-contributed to the Terror. -
SIGINIFICANCE: -> The Paris community's reaction demonstrated their loss of support for the royal family.
-> Under the Assembly's protection-they were not heavily punished.
-> Could not be trusted to leave Paris again-were now considered to be traitors. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> General Lafayette and Sylvain Bailly lost support from the Paris people-would contribute to Lafayette's defection and Bailly's execution in the future.
-> Marked the beginning of a struggle for power and supremacy between the Assembly and the sans-culottes: the beginnings of radicalism. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Showed that he was held accountable to the nation.
-> Contradicted his previous statements-now untrustowrthy.
-> The ideas of the Revolution had officially been put into place. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Marked the end of the reign of the 'men of 1789'
-> Assembly was soon to include more radical and Republican deputies- King Louis's reign and the survival of the constitutional monarchy were longer guranteed.
-> Sans-culottes would become more radical and violent under this Assembly. -
SIGNIFICANCE: See 'The Final Session of the National Assembly'.
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SIGNIFICANCE: -> Provided more evidence towards Louis being a traitor
-> Showed that he still sympathised with nobles who were also traitors-therefore his dedication towards the Revolution was questionable. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Showed that he wasn't committed to the Revolution.
-> Also demonstrated that he was still loyal to the Church over the government and the nation. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Indicative of the paranoid atmosphere surrounding Paris.
-> Demonstrated that the Assembly was fearful of and detested the Catholic Church and its influence on the Revolution.
-> Further fuelled tensions in the Vendee.
-> Showed that the Assembly was trying to rid the King of any possible counter-revolutionary connections. -
-> 100 livres in notes = 63 livres in coins
-> Caused by poor 1791 harvest and the deregulation SIGNIFICANCE: -> Grain wagons were attacked
-> Grocers' riots errupted.
-> The royal court and the bourgeoisie were targeted and accused of hoarding grain and food supplies.
-> Mob violence was encouraged and became the norm as the sans-culottes grew desperate for food. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Revealed the Assembly's fear of foreign counter-revolutionaries.
-> Increased debt
-> Led to the Levee en Masse, which was pivotal in causing the Vendee Rebellion
-> Alienated potential foreign allies -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Triggers tension in the Vendee-they do not want to support the Legislative Assembly anymore.
-> The clergy was further alienated by the Assembly, as was Catholics. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Essentially kept Louis XVI and his family as prisoners/hostages.
-> Indicative of Paris' paranoia of counter-revolutionary attacks.
-> Played a key role in overthrowing the monarchy on August 10 1792. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Caused widespread panic across Paris.
-> Encouraged violence and invited the public to defend the nation (increased patriotism). -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Showed that Louis felt threatened and intimidated by the Girondins.
-> Triggered the jouree of 20 June 1792.
-> Further alienated the support of the public, who wanted the Girondins in the Assembly. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Showed that Louis wasn't committed to the Revolution-suspicions of being a traitor were essentially confirmed.
-> Turned the Girondins against him.
-> Revealed his desire for executive power.
-> Also revealed his paranoia and fear. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> The beginnings of the popular movement.
-> The National Guard let the protesters pass-they are not loyal to the King.
-> Revealed that the Assembly wasn't loyal to Louis either.
-> Louis gained temporary support for 'showing dedication to the Revolution'. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> King Louis XVI's future was in jeopardy-the National Guard of Marseille supported both the sans-culottes and the Girodins/Brissotins. They were not going to protect him.
-> Played a key role against Louis in the 10 August journee. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Caused widespread panic across Paris.
-> Led people to believe that Louis was conspiring against the Revolution with Austria and Prussia.
-> Triggered the August 10 journee and the September Massacres. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Is now considered to be a traitor to the Revolution-cannot be trusted.
-> Has lost all status and power- has little influence on the Assembly or on the people anymore. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Indicative of the failing constitutional monarchy.
-> Highlights the Legislative Assembly's authority over the monarchy.
-> He is proposing to reject the 1791 Constitutiion-does he have the right? -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Signalled the sans-culottes new found dominance over Paris.
-> Triggered the August 10 journee and the dissolution of the constitutional monarchy.
-> Forced the Assembly to enfore radical legislation (including abolishing feudal dues, evicting refracotry priests from the country and distributing emigre land). -
SIGNIFNCANCE; -> The constitutional monarchy is overthrown.
-> The Feuillants are dissovled, arrested and later executed.
-> Paris has become radical as Revolutionary Commune (sans-culottes) pressures the Assembly.
-> Sets precedent for the Terror. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> France lost a capable general to lead them to victory.
-> Illustrated that France was no longer safe for supporters of the monarchy- it had been overtaken by more radical powers. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Highlighted the Assembly's lack of control over the sans-culottes.
-> Indicative of a divide within the Assembly and between the Revolutionary Commune and the Assembly.
-> Set a precedent for the Terror and exposed the true extent of the sans-culottes uncontrollable and violent nature. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Eased the fears and concerns of the people of Paris.
-> Led to an increase in recruitment and volunteers
-> Stronger war effort and more support for the government. -
SIGNIFICANCE:
->A new Republican government
->The Constitutional Monarchy had now been abolished
->Louis XVI is no longer required- he has been overthrown
->The Feuillants had been dissolved
->The Plain (Marais) and the Girondins make up the majority (bourgeoisie, more conservative but not royalists) -
SIGNIFICANCE: ->1st day of Year One
->New calendar
->Fresh start-wanting to remove any royalist traditions/influences remaining
->Strange to have a 10-day working week and a new calendar -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Greater power to a Committee
-> Investigating counter-revolution.
-> Indicative of paranoia and fear of counter-revolution. -
SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Secret correspondence letters between Louis XVI and Mirabeau
-> State documents Louis kept from his days in office.
-> Evidence to frame Louis for treason against France. -
SIGNIFICANCE -> Is trialled as citizen Louis Capet, thus showing that he wouldn't be treated like a king when being judged.
-> He is tried for his flight to Varennes, the Champs de Marre massacres, and counter-financing Prussia and Austria against France - claims are very damaging and it makes him appear as a definite traitor. -
SIGNIFICANCE -> Impossible for the monarchy to rule
-> Girondins didn't want Louis to be executed, but for him to abdicate the throne - caused tension in the National Assembly. -
SIGNIFICANCE -> Constitutional Monarchy cannot return
-> No figure head
-> Increased external threats of war/invasion -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Increased debt-worsening financial situation.
-> Fuels tension in the Vendee (about conscription)
-> Alienated potential support in other European countries -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Tension in the Vendee
-> Precursor towards Civil War (in the Vendee)
-> Could possibly result in food shortages
-> Civilians are armed-increased violence and greater risk of riots and massacres
-> Women and children faced with minimal protection -
SIGNIFICANCE -> Government is attempting to increase its control over the nation.
-> Precursor to the laws of the Terror -
SIGNIFICANCE -> France wasn't the unified utopia that Robespierre dreamed of
-> 2/3 of rebels are killed. 70% of Terror deaths occur in the Vendee. De-Christianisation is separating France, not unifying it.
-> Crops are burnt and animals are slaughtered - increased poverty in the Vendee and less imports. -
SIGNIFICANCE -> Paranoia increases
-> Easier for the government to capture and eradicate counter-revolutionary threats. -
SIGNIFICANCE -> Harder for people to act against revolution
-> Displays that government is paranoid about counter-revolutionary
-> Government has gone against the Constitution: people are losing rights from DORMAC ect, -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Showed that the public actually wasn’t safe-the country was being plagued by different crises.
-> Power is being centralised to 7 and then 12 members instead of more people.
-> Foreshadows Robespierre's despotic rule over Paris and France. -
SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Implemented Terror in the name of liberty
-> Used to quell the violence in the Vendee
-> Played pivotal roles in dethrowning Robespierre. -
SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Weakened army and military command
-> Set a bad example for the public -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> The sans-culottes aren’t intimidated and can actually invade the government
-> The Girondins are gone!
-> The Montagnards/Jacobins are now in power. -
SIGNIFICANCE -> Trade was temporarily stopped - ecomically bad for France
-> The National Assembly is predominantly Jacobins: they now had control of the country and could implement more Terror.
-> France is not unified -
SIGNIFICANCE -> More rights for the people, including voting rights for women - if this Constitution had been 'adopted', the Terror wouldn't have occured and the Jacobins may have kept their power.
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SIGNIFICANCE; -> Robespierre and his cronies now hold executive control over France.
-> Danton cannot no longer control The Terror-France is left in more dangerous and radical hands. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Marat becomes a ‘Revolutionary Martyr’- a figurehead for the revolution.
-> Robespierre now has an excuse to implement the Terror early. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> A more radical direction for the government
-> Uses his position to promote/advance de-Christianization -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> A precursor for the Terror.
-> Set back industrialisation and economic growth in provincial France.
-> Angered rioters in other regions of provincial France. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> War is evidently not progressing well.
-> Society continues to be militarized.
-> Tension between revolters (in the Vendee) and the government. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Places Parisians above the rest of France
-> Fuels tension between Federalist/Vendee revolters and the sans-culottes in Paris.
-> Violence and Terror continue and worsen. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> People were more easily convicted of committing crimes against the Revolution.
-> Supported emergency government structures- Committee of General Security, Committee of Public Safety, Revolutionary Tribunal, Watch Committees, Representatives-on-Mission. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Angers the bourgeoisie and urban workers (e.g. grocery sellers, bakers, farmers)
-> Negatively impacts the economy -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Clarifies the roles of the two committees.
-> Committee of Public Safety is awarded more power.-> 1793 constitution is suspended-citizens are essentially stripped of their civil rights.
-> The Terror is leigislated. -
SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Former friends of the Revolution are killed.
-> Alienates support from the Federalists. -
SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Retribution and justice for the sans-culottes
-> Hardened her brother’s opposition-will not surrender to France now.
-> Counter-revolutionary fears decreased
-> The Vendeans were furious. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Jacobin government begin winning the Civil War.
-> Spirits are raised-there is more confidence in the government and in the Revolution. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Governments continues to eliminate threats to the Revolution.
-> Terror is being used against the government: the government is also a target of the Terror.
-> Resolve of the Federalists is resolved. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Cult of Supreme Beings to appease/satisfy the ultra-radicals.
-> De-Christianisation angered and aliented the general population-spurred the Law of 14 Frimaire.
-> Hebertists (who supported de-Christianisation) were also lated executed as a result. -
SIGNIFICANCE; -> Outlined the relationship between the Convention and the two Committees, as well as the roles of ministers, of the Revolutionary Tribunal and of the Watch Committees of each district.
-> Power is invested/centralised in the Committee of Public Safety. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Led to the arrest and executions of Hebert and 14 of his followers.
-> Spread fear and paranoia about counter revolutionary action. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Critics of the Revolution were eliminated.
-> Alienated the support of the sans-culottes.
-> Contributed to Robespierre's downfall. -
SIGNIFICANCE:
-> Indicative of political tensions within the Jacobins.
-> Triggered more executions without sufficient evidence (just according to suspicion).
-> Robespierre appeared to be somewhat a traitor-he sent his friends (Danton and Desmoulins) to their deaths. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Robespierre lost respect from his deputies and the general public.
-> Contributed to Robespierre's downfall. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Widens the scope of people considered to be counter-revolutionaries.
-> Unfair trialling: no legal representation, no evidence for the defence, imminent death penalty, three-day trials. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> The final straw for the deputies of the Convention.
-> Robespierre loses the trust of both the Convention and the sans-culottes- he is arrested and subsequently executed.
-> Plays a key role in Robespierre's downfall. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> The deputes were not afraid or imtimidated by him.
-> Sans-culottes did not rally behind him or support him-he was powerless. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> All Jacobin influences/remnants are destroyed.
-> The Terror begins to come to an end.
-> Jacobin Party is dissolved-they become targets of the White Terror.
-> Tensions and concerns increase within the Convention regarding who supported Robespierre. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> All remenants of the Terror and the Jacobin era have been destroyed.
-> Paranoia and political tensions have eased/died down.
-> An attempt to save those who had been responsible for creating these institutions (of the Terror). -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Were now free to seek revenge and retribution for having suffered under the Terror and Robespierre's regime.
-
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Jacobin era and its influences are dismantled.
-> The Terror is coming to an end. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Indicative of the bitter relationship between the Church and the Convention.
-> Powers have been separated-it is no longer the government's responsibility to fund the Church.
-> The poor, sick and homeless can longer be aided financially. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Radicalism had ended.
-> Allowed the Marais and the Girondins to reclaim seats and restore order.
-> The sans-culottes would virtually have no representation.
-> Bourgeois ideals would now prevail. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> France returned to conservative governing.
-> The bourgeois and pronvicial citizens would benefit-the sans culottes would suffer. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Prices of vital goods increased (meat by 300 percent and butter by 100 percent).
-> Urban workers grew more desperate-contributed to final uprisings in April and May 1795.
-> Frmers thrives-gained more profit, were able to pay taxes and buy more land. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> Suspects could have legal defence and summon witnesses.
-> Law of Suspects was abolished by the end of 1794.
-> Judicial system was much fairer - the number of trials and executions was now decreasing. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> The Church and the State were seperate powers.
-> Christians of all denominations were free to worship. -
SIGNIFICANCE: -> The radicalism in Paris had been overwhelmed by bourgeois values.
-> The bourgeoisie had returned to power.
-> Increased tensions in Paris between the government and the sans-culottes (heightened by extreme famine).
