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Period: 1501 to
Antiguo Régimen
Era un sistema social, económico y político de las monarquías europeas. Tenía una sociedad estamental, una economía agraria de subsistencia y una monarquía absoluta de origen divino. Su desaparición supondrá el paso a la Edad Contemporánea. -
Montesquieu
He was one of the greatest philosophers of the Enlightenment. He was born in France, in the late Modern Age (18th century). He was known for his theory of separation of powers. He wrote "The spirit of laws". His political ideas greatly influenced the French Revolution. -
Voltaire
He was one of the greatest philosophers of the Enlightenment. He was born in France, in the late Modern Age (18th century). He was famous for his advocacy of civil liberties including freedom of religion and separation of church and state. He wrote "Candide". His political ideas greatly influenced the French Revolution. -
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Ilustración
Movimiento intelectual que defendía el uso de la razón criticando las estructuras del Antiguo Régimen. Se sitúa en la Edad Moderna, en el siglo XVIII, nace en Francia y se extiende por Europa. Defendía el uso de la razón para explicar el mundo y establecer códigos morales de conducta, criticando los dogmas religiosos. Sirvió de soporte intelectual para las revoluciones finales del siglo XVIII. -
Rosseau
He was one of the greatest philosophers of the Enlightenment. He was born in Switzerland, in the late Modern Age (18th century). He defended the idea that sovereignty should be in people's hands. He wrote "The Social Contract". His political ideas greatly inlfuenced the French Revolution. -
Adam Smith
He was one of the greatest philosophers and economist of the Enlightenment. He was born in Scottland in the late Modern Age (18th century). He argued against the regulation of trade and defended a free-market economy. He wrote "The wealth of nations". He is considered the factor of economic liberalism and capitalism. -
George Washington
He was the first president of the USA. He was born in Westmoreland county (Virgina, USA) in 1732 (and died in 1799). 18th century. He was United States' millitay leader during the American Revolution War. Late Modern Age and early Contemporary Age. USA. He led the United States to victory. American Revolution War. He is considered one of the American Founding Fathers. -
James Watt
He was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. -
Thomas Jefferson
He was the third president of the USA. He was born in Albemarle county (Virginia, USA) in 1743 (and died in 1826). 18th and 19th centuries. He was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Late Modern Age and early Contemporary Age. USA. He was a powerful adbocate of liberty and spokesman for democracy. American Revolution War. He is considered one of the American Founding Fathers. -
Enciclopedia
Diccionario ilustrado que pretendía recoger todos los saberes de la época basándose en criterios estrictamente científicos. Se sitúa en la Edad Moderna, en el siglo XVIII y en Francia. Dirigida por D'Alembert y Diderot, fue redactada entre 1751 y 1772. Pretende acabar con el monopolio del saber que hasta ese momento había tenido la Iglesia. -
Louis XVI
He was king of France when the monarchy was overthrown during the French Revolution. Versailles (France). Late Modern Age and early Contemporary Age. 18th century. France. He supported the colonists in the American War of Independence. In September, the New National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a Republic. French Revolution. Louis was found guilty of treason and executed at the guillotine on 21st January 1793. -
Robespierre
French lawyer and politician who became leader of the Jacobins during the French Revolution. Late Modern Age and early Contemporary Age. 18th century. He became dictator during the Reign of Terror, eliminating all those considered enemies of the Revolution. The intensification of the "Reign of Terror" and Robespierre's dictatorship made him very unpopular. He was overthrown and executed at the guillotine. French Revolution. He was one of the most influential figures of the French Revolution. -
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Revolución americana
Fue un conflicto político que se inició en las Trece Colonias Británicas en Norteamérica como rechazo a una serie de leyes e impuestos establecidos por el parlamento británico para intentar recuperar la economía británica de una severa crisis financiera. La revuelta política pronto desencadenó en un conflicto armado con Gran Bretaña que se extendió hasta que fue reconocida su independencia. Estados Unidos fue el primer país en el continente americano en declarar su independencia. -
Napoleón Bonaparte
Military political leader. He ruled France from 1799 and became emperor from1804 until 1814. Late Modern Age and early Contemporary Age. 18th and 19th centuries. He defended some liberal ideas although he controlled all the powers in France. Napoleonic army invaded different European countries, creating the Napoleonic Empire and spreading the French Revolution's ideas beyond France. French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire. He was one of the most influential figures of the 19th century. -
Declaración de Independencia de Estados Unidos
Documento de carácter político. Se fundamente la independencia de las colonias inglesas en América (4 de julio de 1776 en Filadelfia). Formulada por Thomas Jefferson, firmada por los representantes de las Trece Colonias. Recoge los principios liberales de igualdad y libertad. Supone una limitación del poder político basándose en los principios del liberalismo. -
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Primera Revolución Industrial
Es el proceso de transformación económica, social y tecnológica que se inició en Gran Bretaña, y se extendió después a gran parte de Europa occidental y América Anglosajona. Durante este periodo se vivió el mayor conjunto de transformaciones económicas, tecnológicas y sociales de la historia de la humanidad desde el Neolítico, que vio el paso desde una economía rural basada fundamentalmente en la agricultura y el comercio a una economía de carácter urbano, industrializada y mecanizada. -
George Stephenson
George Stephenson was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. Renowned as the "Father of Railways", Stephenson was considered by the Victorians a great example of diligent application and thirst for improvement. Self-help advocate Samuel Smiles particularly praised his achievements. His rail gauge of 4 feet 8 1⁄2 inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the standard gauge by name and by convention for most of the world's railways. -
Constitución de Estados Unidos
La Constitución de los Estados Unidos es la ley suprema de los Estados Unidos de América. Fue adoptada en su forma original por la Convención Constitucional de Filadelfia y luego ratificada por el pueblo en convenciones en cada estado en el nombre de «Nosotros el Pueblo». La Constitución tiene un lugar central en el derecho y la cultura política estadounidense. La Constitución de los Estados Unidos es la constitución federal más antigua que se encuentra en vigor actualmente en el mundo. -
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Revolución francesa
Fue un conflicto social y político, con diversos periodos de violencia, que convulsionó Francia y, por extensión de sus implicaciones, a otras naciones de Europa que enfrentaban a partidarios y opositores del sistema conocido como el Antiguo Régimen. Se inició con la autoproclamación del Tercer Estado como Asamblea Nacional y finalizó con el golpe de estado de Napoleón Bonaparte. La Revolución francesa marca el inicio de la Edad Contemporánea al sentar las bases de la democracia moderna. -
William I
William I, or in German Wilhelm I, was King of Prussia from 2 January 1861 and the first German Emperor from 18 January 1871 to his death, the first head of state of a united Germany. Under the leadership of William and his Minister President Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire. -
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Imperio Napoleónico
Fue un estado soberano que incluyó en territorio una gran parte de Europa occidental y central. Abarca la totalidad del periodo conocido como la Era Napoleónica, que cubre el periodo desde la coronación de su emperador, Napoleón I, hasta su abdicación y exilio en la isla de Elba, en 1814. -
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
He was a French politician and the founder of mutualist philosophy. He was the first person to declare himself an anarchist, using that term and is widely regarded as one of the ideology's most influential theorists. Proudhon is even considered by many to be the "father of anarchism". He became a member of the French Parliament after the Revolution of 1848, where he referred to himself as a federalist. -
Abraham Lincoln
He was the 16th president of the USA. He was born in Hardin county (Kentucky, USA) in 1809 (and died in 1865). 19th century. His presidency was dominated by the American Civil War (1861-1865). Early Contemporary Age. USA. He defended the emancipation of all slaves and preserved the union during the American Civil War. The war finished on 9th April 1865, and less than a week later Lincoln was shot and died the next morning. American Revolution War. He was one of the great American Leaders. -
Congreso de Viena
Reunión en Viena. Formado por los representantes de Gran Bretaña, Austria, Prusia y Rusia. Tras la victoria sobre Napoleón, los representantes de las grandes potencias deciden aplicar los principios del la Restauración: legitimismo monárquico, responsabilidad internacional y sistema de congresos. Supondrá la reorganización del mapa de Europa, la vuelta al Antiguo Régimen y la eliminación de los cambios de la Revolución francesa. -
Mikhail Bakunin
He was a Russian revolutionary anarchist and founder of collectivist anarchism. He is considered among the most influential figures of anarchism and one of the principal founders of the social anarchist tradition. Bakunin's enormous prestige as an activist made him one of the most famous ideologues in Europe, and he gained substantial influence among radicals throughout Russia and Europe. -
Otto von Bismarck
Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck and Duke of Lauenburg, known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890 and was the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890. -
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Restauración
Es el periodo de la historia política de Europa que va desde la derrota del Imperio Napoleónico a la Revolución de 1848, caracterizado, en la Europa continental, por la preponderancia de las potencias de la Santa Alianza y el denominado sistema Metternich de relaciones internacionales; mientras que el Reino Unido se convertía en la potencia dominante en el mundo económico y en las rutas oceánicas, gracias a su ventaja decisiva en la revolución industrial y el dominio de los mares. -
Karl Marx
Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Marx's theories about society, economics and politics—collectively understood as Marxism—hold that human societies develop through class struggle. In capitalism, this manifests itself in the conflict between the ruling classes that control the means of production and the working classes that enable these means by selling their labour power in return for wages. -
Friedrich Engels
He was a German philosopher, communist, social scientist, journalist and businessman.[4] His father was an owner of a large textile factory in Salford, England. Engels founded Marxist theory together with Karl Marx and in 1845 published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research in Manchester. After Marx's death, Engels edited the second and third volumes and Engels organised Marx's notes on the Theories of Surplus Value. -
Victor Emmanuel II
Victor Emmanuel II was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861. At that point, he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland (Italian: Padre della Patria). The monument Altare della Patria (or Vittoriano) in Rome was built in his honor. -
Thomas Alva Edison
Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman. He is credited with developing many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions had a widespread impact on the modern industrialized world. He was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and teamwork to the process of invention, working with many researchers and employees. -
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Unificación italiana
La península itálica estaba dividida en diversos Estados, pero la existencia de una lengua y una historia comunes forjaron un sentimiento de unidad entre los italianos.
El proceso de unificación fue liderado por el reino de Piamonte. Los artífices de la unidad fueron el rey de Piamonte, Víctor Manuel II, su primer ministro, Cavour, y el revolucionario Garibaldi. -
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Unificación alemana
La unificación de Alemania fue un proceso histórico que culminó con la creación del Imperio alemán reuniendo diversos estados hasta entonces independientes (Prusia, Baviera, Sajonia, etc.).
Antes de la formación de un Estado nacional unificado, el territorio de Alemania se encontraba dividido en un mosaico político de 39 Estados.1 Entre ellos destacaban, por su importancia económica y política, el Imperio austríaco y el Reino de Prusia. -
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Segunda Revolución Industrial
Conjunto de transformaciones socioeconómicas interrelacionadas. Durante este periodo los cambios sufrieron una fuerte aceleración. El proceso de industrialización cambió y el crecimiento económico varió de modelo. Las innovaciones técnicas concentradas en nuevas fuentes de energía, nuevos materiales y nuevos sistemas de transporte y comunicación indujeron transformaciones en cadena que afectaron al trabajo y al sistema educativo y científico; a las empresas, al consumo y a la política.
