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Carlos IV drove Spain to bankruptcy due to costly wars and misrule leading to higher taxes, sale of high offices, and forclosure of long-term loans.
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1789-1799
Challenged the idea of monarchy based on divine right; inspiration from the intellectual awakening called the Enlightenment. Argument for popular sovereignty. Napoleon Bonaparte. -
War with England over the next decade confronting the worlds most powerful navy. The Spanish navy was overwhelmed and the number of Atlantic sailings dropped drastically strangling colonial trade.
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1799-1815
1807 Napoleon invades Portugal. Royal family flees from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro -
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Initiatives for independence came from native-born whites called Creoles to distinguish them from Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula
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Father Miguel Hidalgo Creole preist who led the revolt against Spanish Royalists under the banner of the Virgen de Guadalupe.
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Father Jose Maria Morelos took over the torch of the rebellion and declared independance.
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Napoleon defeated
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Father Jose Maria Morelos was captured and executed.
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Essential women patriots
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Begins his string of triumphs with the assistance of the Llaneros.
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Bolivar's army of Llaneros crossed the Orinoco Plains in capture the capital of Bogota
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Bolivars forces capure Caracas and Quito
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Brazil gained idenpendance while maintaining social hierarchy. Pedro I