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The First of the Crusades started in 1095, when armies of Christians from Western Europe responded to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces in the Holy Land.
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In May, the Crusaders and their Byzantine allies attacked Nicea, the Seljuk capital in Anatolia; the city surrendered in late June.
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The end of the first Crusades. The first Crusades achieved its goal with the capture of Jerusalem, the invading Christians set up several Latin Christian states, even as Muslims in the region vowed to wage holy war to regain control over the region.
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The combined Muslim forces dealt a humiliating defeat to the Crusaders, which ended the second Crusades.
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The second Crusade began when news of Edessa's fall stunned Europe, which led the Christian authorities into the West to call for the second Crusades.
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The third Crusades started, because of the outrage over defeats.
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Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty that reestablished the Kingdom of Jerusalem and ended the third Crusade.