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Schism (split) of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic centered in the Papacy in Rome, and Greek Orthodox centered in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople -
Christian forces under the Normans invade and defeat Muslim ruled Sicily, but retain Muslim cultural influence under Norman rule. -
Byzantine Empire requests Pope Urban II's help against Turkic warrior tribes who have migrated into Asia Minor and. in
November 27, 1095 Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade -
Crusaders of official First Crusade reach Constantinople; Alexius I Comnenus accepts their oaths of loyalty and pledges to return lands under Byzantine control -
Crusaders cross the Bosporus into Asia
Early June 1097 Crusaders arrive at Nicaea while Kilij Arslan is away fighting his opponent Danishmend
June 19, 1097 Nicaea surrenders to Byzantine forces
June 26–28, 1097 Crusaders invade Asia Minor
July 1, 1097 Turks under Kilij Arslan fail to defeat Crusaders at Dorlyaeum
October 21, 1097 Crusaders reach Antioch, ruled by Turkic leader Yaghi-Suyan -
New wave of Crusaders defeated in Asia Minor -
The Second Crusade begins, which includes Crusades in parts of Muslim-ruled Spain, Eastern Germany and the East (Outremer in French)
1147 Spanish Crusaders take Lisbon from Muslim rule
1148 Crusader armies under Conrad of Germany and Louis VII of France besiege Damascus, but are turned back by Nur al-Din's forces -
Third Crusade brings famous Crusader leaders Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I -
July 17, 1203 Crusaders invade and sack Byzantine capital of Constantinople, naming Alexius IV as ruler
April 12, 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople and make Byzantine lands into a Latin Empire -
Invasion of Egypt under the rule of al-Malik al-Kamil is led by Cardinal Pelagius; Crusaders besiege Damietta and try to Crusaders try take Cairo; Al-Kamil's forces and rising Nile isolates and defeats Crusader army; Al-Kamil provides bread and supplies to save Crusader army from starvation
1219 Sultan al-Kamil receives Francis of Assisi at his court for interreligious discussion and allows Francis to preach; Francis's stay at court influences his views of Islam and faith practice