-
Brought Blacks from Africa
People brought Blacks from Africa to america as slave working at their cotton fields. The Blacks came due to the droughts and famines, hoping for a better life in America. -
Monopoly rights for the Hudson Bay Company
King Charles II from Britain granted the Husdon Bay Company molopoly on all trading that was around the Hudson Bay (called Ruperts Land), and they were the only ones to trade with the Natives. Fur-trading breang a lot of wealth, but it was hard to live in that area because the land was rocky. -
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Controller of Ruperts Land
Hudson Bay Company controlled Ruperts Land. Forts were built. -
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7 Year War
The 7 Year War between Britain and France wanting to claim land along the Atlantic coast. Many battles were fought in North America. -
Plains of Abrinham.
Britain'sJames Wolfe defeated General Montclam from France in the final fight in the Plains of Abrinham. -
British Colonial Rule
British Colonail Rule starts. -
7 Year War Tax Agreement
Britain won the 7 Year War and since war was expensive, their teasury was empty and they put taxes in Canada so goods had taxes. the citizens were getting upset>>>>>rebellion. The colonies became cash cows and whatever Canada had, was the British's. The Americans thought that Canada would want to join them because of the obvious unrest. -
The Royal Proclamation
The French that resided in what is now known as Quebec had to follow the British's rule. THe British tried to assimilate the many French (residing in Quebec) by forcing British laws, customs, and their English language on them. -
Period: to
British and Spain land occupation
Britain occupied the area aroud the Great Lakes, and Spain occupied the U.S. from 1763-1774 -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris was an agreement that ended the war between France and Britain. Although Britain won and had power, France kept two small islands off of Newfoundland. -
The Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was about how all the goods coming or going would be taxed. There were many riots all over Canada. -
Stamp Act Revoked
The Stamp Act was Revoked one year later -- 1766 -
The Quebec Act
After the Quebec Act, Upper and Lower Canada was known as Quebec. The British government passed the Quebec act, allowing Canaddiens to maintain thier French heritage. This was in hope to gain loyalty, strenghrn the British Empire and gain from the rich fur-producing areas around Quebec. -
Treaty of Paris End
the Treaty of Paris ended the American Revolution (War of Independance). This was by Britain surrendering the lands south of the Great Lakes formerly known as the Thirteen Colonies. Loyalist in that area endure animosity from Patriots who migrated North. Joseph Brant led Native americans who were loyal & settled North in the area called the 6 Nation Reserve. -
Period: to
Trade was Booming
-
Loyalist Migration
-
Colonies changing
There are more more of the Thirteen colonies in the U.S. and new colonies were added to Newfoundland and Labrador, St John Island. -
2 New Colonies for the Britist Government
Nova Scotia & the Atlantic land had a lot of Loyalists. The Britist government gained 2 new colonies, New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island. Still British, not Confederation of Canada yet. -
Period: to
Repeal of Corn Laws
During this timespan, tariffs were placed on grains (wheat and flour) imported to Britain. But because there was the Corn Laws, this meant that the tariffs on wheat imported from BNA was less expensive than the wheat imported from other countries. -
Constitution Act
Problems arose between the English speakers who moved into Quebec & the French. Split into Upper and Lower Canada. Both now had Representative vote >>>>Used to have no votes. The cllergy and the British Government were losing power. -
Abraham Lincoln Against Slavery
Abraham Lincoln tried to stop slavery and those peopel were called the abolitionist. This began the Civil War in the U.S. -
Selkirk's Settlers
Lord Selkirk was a Scottish noble man and wanted to help his peope who have been forced off lands. The British Gov't denied him land in the Red River Valley, so he bought HBC shares to gain control of it, and sent the 1st group of settlers and the York Factory. They survived a harsh winter there and con tinued to travel after winter ended. They arrived there in August, and it was too late to plant crop. They then survived another harsh winter due to the help of the Metis and the First Nations. -
Period: to
War of 1812
War between the U.S. & Britain. There was no clear winner. Major battles were fought in Upper and Lower Canada. Sir Issac Brock was the British's officer in defending Upper Canada against the U.S. Chief Tecumseh allied with Upper Canada. 600 Natives fought alongside with Brock -
Selkirk's Sttlers Part 2
The sencond group came in the Spring of 1813 and survived the same hardships that the 1st group did. Also, Lord Selkirk got a land grant for 300 000 square km and name the place Assiniboia. He wanted to stop the NWC from competing for furs in that region, but that was a problem for the Metis, as the Metis worked for both HBC & NWC. -
After War of 1812
The Americans immigration was discouraged and immigration from Great Britain was encourage, leading to the Great Migraiotn. The FIrst Nation people were assimilated to the country, and a new sense of pride & unity was between Upper and Lower Canada. The fur-trading buisness continued. -
Pemmican Proclamation
This was passed because the conditions for the Red River settlers were harsh. The Proclamation stated that no food could be taken from Assiniboia without liscense. This affected the Metis, as they made pemmican to sell to the fur traders. It was an important source of income and they felt that the Governor had no rights to pass laws on their land. The Metis started to destroy settler's crops, they attacked Fort Douglas, and the settlers fled from the Red River area. -
Period: to
The Great Migration
Most of the immigration people were Irish, and came from Great Britain. There was the Blight potatoe epidemicin Ireland, and the main thing that the Irish ate were potatoes. They came to Canada from timberships. -
The Meeting at Seven Oaks
The Metis met their new Governor and his men in Seven Oaks. 1 Metis and 21settlers died. Afterwards, the remaining settlers moved out. The next year, Lord Selkirk brought 90 soldiers from Germany, and the settlers came back. During this time, NWC & HBC united. The Metis were affected even worse. -
Amalgamation of the HBC and NWC
People whowere not working with the Hudson Bay Company formed a Company called the Northwest Company in Montreal. This led to competition, rivalry and futher exploration of the west.In 1821, both companies agree and amalgamated, becoming the Hudson Bay Company. -
Canals
Around this time was the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Poeple were choosing machine over muscle, factories over farming, and it was easier to trade. The government of Province of Canada thought that cananls were important to the progression of Canada. The Lachine Canal was built this year to bypass St. Lawrence River. -
Welland Canal was Built to bypass Niagara Falls
-
Period: to
Political Rebellion
Government was is control
-did not was to change the structure
-loyal to Britain and the Monarchy
-Privileges & property were given to family & friends
-OLIGARCHY>>ruled by a few chosen people or family (a political system called)
-Britain felt that a revolution may occur it too much freedom was there
-Almost like the American Revolution -
Period: to
4 Atlantic colonies achieved Responsible Government
The 4 Atlantic colonies achieved Responsible Government in the 1840's to the 1850's. -
Act of Union
This created the united province of Canada. Upper Canada was now Canada East (ON) and Lower Canada was now Canada West (QUE). Both were now linked to a single Government. This led to both sides now working together to buidl railways, expand industry, and increased growth in farming and foerstry. Coming soon was the CPR & the industrial Revolution-----
The Durham Report (Lord Durham) recommended uniting the two Canada's together & granting responsible government to British North America. -
Loan was Given to build Canals
Many Navvies - immigrants who worked on building the canals as well as railroads. -
Period: to
Rebellion Losses Bill
Lord Elgin was the Governor General of Canada -
Period: to
Repeal of the Corn Laws
The Repeal of the Corn Laws reign during this timespan. -
Repeal of the Corn Laws
The bill of "Repeal of the Corn Laws" guarenteed that no cheap wheat ("corn" as it was called in Britain) would be imported. Because of this new bill, farmers in BNA counldn't compete with the British markets and had the abandon the farm and move south to the USA. -
Nova Scotia granted Responsible Government
Nova Scotia was granted Responsible Government. -
Reason for the Reciprocity Treaty
Lord Elgin reported to the British goverment that "3/4 of the merchants in Montreal faced bankruptcy".
This led to talk about joining the US. -
Achievement of Responsible Government
Due to continued conflict, Responsible Government was achieved in Canada East and Canada West. -
Rebellion Losses - Bill of 1849
Lord Elgin had to sign the bill (because there was a majority vote and it was a responsible government now) to give money to the citizens for losses during the Rebellion. The people of Canada East wanted repayment for losses during the rebellion. Canada West had already been granted repayment. There was a debate from thise who opposed repayment to rebels. This angered a lot of people, and a mob burned down the parliment building. -
Fugitive Slave Act
This was done by the U.S. stating that anyone who knew or is helpingthe Blacks escape, there would be severe punishment/imprisonment. -
Period: to
Railway Building Boom
The Grand Trunk Railway was built and was the first major railway from Riviere du-loup in the East to Samia in the West. Expansions were stopped due to bankruptcy. Was supposed to be the long one yet, Troops were deployed faster after this was built. -
Period: to
Tariffs
Britain charges less on BNA when trading. The main exports and imports were wheat & timber.This led to the colonies prosper.
In the mid-1800, British factory owners were putting pressure on the government to introduce free trade.
--> No tax or duties on good that were imported or exported from other countries. -
Political Deadlock
In 1850's, the government became ineffective. There was a political deadlock, no majority, and since they could not decide on anything, they had no new laws. They also wanted the # of representatives to be based on the # of voters (Rep By Pop). -
Rep By Pop - Equal Representation
Used to bemore people in Canada East (French) that Canada West. That all changed in 1851. There was the Great Migration with people coming from Ireland and Great Britain, as well as people coming from the Underground Railway. Most of them were english speaker, so theymigrated to Canada West. -
Reciprocity Treaty
Lord Elgin led up to the Reciprocity (policy of free trade in some items between BNA & US) throught skilled persuasion.
Eliminated customs tariff.
**Greater trade increased the economic stability in the BNA.
Reasons why Free Trade was good:
-resources
-good wheat
-fish
-lumber
-waterways(St. Lawrence and Great Lakes) -
Parliment Burned and Capital Replaced
Due to the pariliment burning down, the capital now alternated etween Toronto & Quebec every 2 years until 1858, when Ottawa was chosen as the capital. -
Expansion of the West CPR
Gold was found in Fraser River. People moved to the colony of BC because of the gold.
-built farms, orchards, cattle ranches along the Okanagan Valley
-Sawmills produced lumber for houses and salons
- ignored Aboriginal rights
- communities and land damaged
It was easy to connect the railway to major cities in US. This worried Macdonald, as in is vision, he wanted a country that would stretch sea to sea. He made a deal with de Cosmos that within 10 years, he would build that railway. BC 6 prov. -
Capital Ottawa is Chosen
-
Period: to
Reasons for Confederation
During the American Revolution, Britiand was supporting the southern side. BNA feared that the US would expand into territory due the the Americans being mad at the British.
Americans began to move westward. The BNA believed that if too many people settled, then the majority would be Americans & they would just take over :: Manifest Destiny.
Americans who settle @ Red River Settlement wanted to join the US. -
Civil War Satrts in US
Began the withdrawl of 11 southern slave states.
Formed the Cofederation State of America -
Charlottetown Conference
The Conference was held in PEI.
PEI, NS, NB and representatives from Canada East and West met to discuss idea of joining together -- BC and Newfoundland were not invited
-Encourages positive outlook to the idea of union
-More social than political
-Final decision was that idea of union has merit -- should be further discussed in another conference in Quebec in October -
Quebec Conference
This Conference was held in Quebec.
-Same colonies came, Newfoundland joined this time
-More serious -Took 2 weeks of intense discussion
GOAL: work out all possible details for a planned unification.
-Newfoundland and PEI decided that it was not the right time to join yet
-NS NB Canada East and West drew up the 72 Resolutions
-Would guide the construction of the Canadian nation & change the face of Canadian 4ever
-Took 72 Resolutions to London for Approval by the British Parliament -
American Civil War Ends
-
London Conference
16 delegate went to London to Queen Victoria to present their idea about having a Dominion of Canada. They also turned their rought draft of the Resolutions into the British North America Act. -
Annexation Bill
Fenians invade NB & Province of Canada. BMA drafted at te London Conference.
Fenians went to pressure the House of Representatives in the US to pass a bill that the would take over the place an are from Canada West (ON) to BC. -----Bill was not passed -
Reciprocity Teaty Ended
After the Reciprocity Treaty ended, it made people think of joining among colonies so that they could trade for free with each other. -
US Purchased Alaska
Canada feared that the US would take over the territories. -
Confederation At Last!
Confederation won. BNA Act is signed. Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick join to create Canada.
ON & QUE ---Agriculture Industry
NB -- Forestry & Lumber
NS -- Fish -
Assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee
Only political assassination in the history of Canadian politics. -
Period: to
Red River Resistance
aka Northewest Rebellion -
North West Territories and Rupert's Land now a part of Canada
Canadian Government made a deal with Hudson Bay Company and bought Rupert's land, renaming it North West Territories. This happened due to the Metis Bill of Rights. It was one of the conditions for Manitoba to join Confederation.
SIDE NOTE Rupert's Land was bought by Canada for 1.5 million dollars from Britain. (Another reason for confederation) -
Contact with Metis PART 2
Macdonald appointed William McDougall to be the govenor of NWT. He was to go to the RRS, but was blocked by 14 armed Metis. The Metis wanted to negotiate; there was no killing yet. They seize the upper Fort Garry (IMPORTANT), HBC's HQ. The Metis settled in the fort. There was food, ammo, and a natural barrior against Canadian Force. -
Canadian Party Against the Metis
The Canadian Party was developped by John Schultz. He wanted the English/ Prtestant to confront the RRS. Riel and the Metis surrounded the Canadian Party Leader (Schultz) on Dec. The Metis imprisonned 50 guardsin the cells of Fort Garry.
The Metis then set up a Provisional Governemnt on Dec 8. They wanted their voices to be heard by the Govn't. They then Made the Metis Bill of Rights. -
Contact with Metis
Surveyors were sent to divide land for roads & boundaries for individual lots in the Metis Territory,
-Land was divided in rows, not grids, like seigneurial system
-needed a river
-Settlers and Metis were not consulted about this and took away the chains used by the surveyors. -
Contact with Metis: Metis View
35000 First Nations 10000 Metis 1500 Red River Settlers
They were all squatters => don't hold title for land they used for home and fields. Metis and RRSettlers developped ties and cultures. They were living together for such a long time.
They feared
-Eng. Protestant assimilation French Catholic
-land being taken over and farmed on (sacred)
-fences built disrupted wildlife & bison hunts
-Trditional way of life becoming altered -
LOUIS RIEL
He was the leader of the Metis. Riel recieved prestigious education in Montreal and was bilingual. He was also very persuasive. Louis Riel set upo (helpd) the Metis National Commitee.
-negotiated with the government
- its purpose was to determine the future of the Metis, and he was the MNC's secretary -
Metis Bill of Rights
If the Canadian govn't agreed to these conditions, they would join confederation. Some conditions were:
-NTW to join confed with them
-separate schools for religion->money shared
-right to their own Legislative Assembly to pass local laws
-Both French and English to be recgognized (ie docs, court, judge, etc)
-every male over 21 can vote
-Amnesty for those involved in the Resistance
McDougall gaveup and left. PM sent Donald Smith -> GG of NWT. Presented Bill of Rights to Canada gov. -
First Nations Pushed Out
Buffalo hunt become scarce in RRValley
move West into Cree country, Pshing Cree into Blackfoor Confederacy. Warefare between tribes occured, 100's died. Hundreds more died due to small pox. FN agreed to give up land on certain conditions. -
Promised to begin Construction of Railway
Promised to begin Construction of Railway within 2 years and finish within 10 years encouraged BC to join.
Private railway companies didnt see profit -> decided to join when PM offfered freeland and financial support -> profitable -
Treason: Thomas Scott
Thomas Scott was from Ireland
-against French Catholic
-imprisoned in Fort Garry
-Very Racist
-Symbol of opposition for Metis ->threat
-escaped with 2 captured ->went on trial for disobedience towards law
-convicted for treason (talked bad about Metis)
-executed by firing square on March 4th, 1870 -
Manitoba Joins Confederation
Gov't allowed Metis to have more control. 5th Province to join. Considered victory for Louis Riel and the Metis because government would pay attention to the Metis Bill of Rights--- North Western Territory & Ruperts land was purchased by Canada and renamed North West Territories. Red River Valley and Assinaboiya was a part of Manitoba. Exceptions in Bill ie) No amnesty for key players in Resistance. -
British Colombia Joins Confederation
Gold was found in Fraser River. People moved to the colony of BC because of the gold.
It was easy to connect the railway to major cities in US. This worried Macdonald, as in is vision, he wanted a country that would stretch sea to sea. He made a deal with de Cosmos that within 10 years, he would build that railway. It worked -
Domion Land Acts
-65 acres of land
-10$ registration fee (expensive but reasonable)
-had to work on land for 3 years to obtain land, and left, land was forfeited and lost the registration fee
-settlement in prairies would make construction of CPR easier& to stop Americans from invading
-many women accepted (breeding)
-couldn’t immigrate to Canada East or West
-only people under 40 who were farmers or workers-> didn’t want disabled or elderly -
King of fASLE aDVERTISMENTS!
Clifton Sifton was the dynamic federal Minister of Immigration, appionted by Macdonald. He was responsible for attractiong immigrants and was the one who introduced false advertisements. Hehired beautiful people to stand in the streets of Eupore and hand out brochures and posters about Canada. He was selling the propaganda of the fact that there are many beautiful people in Canada and that you get 'free' land if you just settle there. He also stated that all religions were respected. -
Cypress Hill Massacre
A bloody battle happened when a group of Americans who were wolf hunters lost a few horses. They then attacked a nearby camp in Assiniboine, killing many people. This was a reason that the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) was made in the West (near the Rocky Mountains). -
Prince Edward Island joins Confederation
Farming
Timber
Shipbuilding
--red soil is excellent for producing potatoes -
Here comes the NWMP!
Macdonald Conservative gov created the NWMP. NWMP were police who patrolled on horseback (sometimes on foot), now called the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. They were formed because there was no authority in the West (no law), and it the Cypress Hill massacre demonstrated the need for the police force. They were established to keep peace between FN and settles, look over the construction of the CPR, stop whiskey trading, and cease the Americans from invading. -
Pacific Scandal
-Macdonald needed money to pay for CP campaign
-took $360000=$7000000 from Sir Hugh Allan ->private railway owner
-Allan wanted to win bid to build railway
-Conservative barely won ->word leaked, was seen as bribe
->against law
MacDonald ask to resign & election was called. -
PEI INFO
The colony was against PEI joining Confederation. PEI tried to build their own railway under James Collegde Pope, but went near bankrupct. Macdonald's deal was that their debt would be taken over if they joined confederation. After confederation, trade among the provinces happened, and trade boomed. -
Liberals take the Throne
Alexander Makenzie became PM
-made the secret ballot
-decide if take money from rich for campaign, MUST claim
-didn’t care about CPR-construction slowed down in 1878
-> they were running out of time
-there was Economic Depression now -
Indian Act
Indian status- term to identify people as Indian.
–Only ‘full-blooded’ Indians – no Metis
–people who lived on reserve were wards of state – no rights to vote or drink alcohol
–marriage –women lost, men gained
–timber could be taken from reserve, no money to Indians
– FN people could only vote if gave up indian status ->leave family & ancestors -
Macdonald back in Power with CPR and National Policy
Railway building picks up pace. He proposed the National Policy-> list of promises
-Settlement of the West
-Transcontinental railway -> CPR
-Protective Tariffs: Raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods, helping Canadian make imports more $$
-Reduced tariffs on imported raw materials. Allowed manufacturers get cheaper materials
Montreal Company bought the CPR contract (new).
Key player -> Prez of BMO, Donald A. Smith; J.J. Hill; George Stephen; William Van Horne, general manager -
The Canadian Pacific Railway is Founded
It was tt was Canada's link to populated centers from the East with the vast pontentialof it's relatively unpopulated West. -
Bring in the Navvies
Brought in Navvies to help build railway -> there was shortage of labourers.
-lived in very poor & crowed conditions
-required to complete majority of dangerous work
-paid less than white people
-many died of accidents due to rock blasts, dangerous explosives, & lack of medical care
-When railroad building finished, gov’t put head tax on new Chinese people coming to Canada -> made very difficult to bring families in (workers) -
Metis Voices Still Not Heard
Metis tried to petition to MacDonald for Rights->ignored ->Metis called Louis Riel; they were getting pushed out to Sasktechewan.
Seized Protestant church; Batoche
-sets up 2nd provisional gov
-[Metis]supported by BigBear & Crowfoot (concerned that settlers were taking land & Sam Steele double-crossed them)
WAR! -> guerrilla tactics -> Gabrielle Dumont-military commander in lead for Metis -
Transcontinental Railway (CPR) Completed
Transcontinental Railway completed, Macdonld still in power. Company finished railway in just over 4 years; total of 6 years before scheduled completion date
Donald A. Smith provided large sum of money and had honor to drive the last spike in Craigellachie, BC.
One of Canada’s greatest achievement -> transportation of goods & people to Canada -
Louis Riel: HANGED
-Louis arrested for high treason to gov & Queen
-Put on trial (jury & judges all white) racism
-lawyer wanted Louis to plead insanity Louis wouldn’t
-found guilty
-Macdonald death by hanging or prison
-Queen V urged prison for good of country uproar & French would be extremely upset
-MacDonald wants to set example that whoever acts against gov wouldn’t be accepted. Gov had ultimate decision
-Riel –death by hanging with public spectacle -
William Van Horne becamse President of CPR
-
Yukon joins Confederation
2nd territory
experianced the Gold Rush
worried that the US would use the excuse of Gold Rush to take control the region -
Saskatchewan & Alberta joins Confederation
American wolf hunters, outlaws, illegal whiskey trade brought in the need of police.
Canadian Parliment formed the RCMP -
Newfoundland joins Confederation
joined because government collapsed during WW2 -- preferred to remain independant
final province joined)
fishing & seal hunting
2001--Changed to 'and Labrador' -
First Canadian Army
Canada didn't have personal army. Canada's army were a subsidary of British Army until this year. -
Constitution Act replaces BNA Act
Implemented Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and removed all formal governmental ties to the British government. -
Canada moved to Free Trade with Mexico and US
-
Confederation Bridge Built
The Confedertaion Bridge opened, connecting PEI to the mainland. -
Northwest Territory becomes a Territory
Diveded to 2 parts
Eastern section renamed Nunavut
