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Wrote the Divine Comedy
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Rulers of Milan
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The "Father of Humanism", involved in Roman Revolt (1347-49), wrote letters ands poetry ("Letters to the Ancient Dead," "Africa," "Lives of Illustrious Men"
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wrote Letters to the Ancient Dead, Africa, Lives of Illustrious Men.
"Father of Humanism" -
France declared their Pope at Avignon to be the true pope, Rome claimed theirs. Ended when Council of Constance declared Roman pope and Avignon pope was removed
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Religious movement beginning in the Netherlands that permitted men and women to live a shared religious life without making formal vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience
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Brother of the King of Portugal. Captured the North African city of Ceuta. Began Portuguese exploration of African Coast
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Inventor of the movable type printing around 1439
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Wealthy Florentine banker and statesman. Rose to power in 1434. Controlled the city internslly from b ehind the scenes by keeping councillors loyal to him in the Signoria.
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Sponsored by Cosimo de' Medici. Not an actual Academy, just a group of intellectuals that considered themselves to be a modern form of Plato's Academy
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Rulers of Milan after the Visconti Family went extinct
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Discovered the Bahamas, and by correlation the Americas, believing he was in the West Indies for Spain
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Explored the coast of South America
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Milanese despot who caused hostilities between Milan and Naples. Invited France to invade Italy, specifically Naples. but was also invaded and put in prison
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Renaisasance painter, inventor, sculptor, magnificient beard wearer
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Radical Dominican Preacher who forced Florence's ruler, Piero de' Medici, out of Florence, saving it from French destruction. Ruled for 4 years before being imprisoned and exiled
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Allied Milan, Naples, and Florence
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Famous northern humanist, religious reformer, etc. Philosophia Christi, ethical piety in imitation of christ
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Adopted Ptolemaic system's ideas into a heliocentric system
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Guided royal opposition to incipient English Protestantism before Thomas More
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David, Sistine Chapel frescoes
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Grandson of Cosimo, ruled Florence in an almost Totalitarian regime
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Important Councillor to Henry VIII. Refused to recognize the Act of Succesion and the Act of Supremacy and was summarily executed. Opposed English Reformation.
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Written as a practical guide for the nobility
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Explored around South America to the Phillipines, where he was killed. The remnants of his crew became the first to circumnaviage the globe.
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Leader/Beginner of Catholic Reformation
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The School of Athens
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Leader of Swiss Reformation
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Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, so he split with the Roman Catholic Church
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Protestant Reformer in Strausbourg
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founder of the Jesuits
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Translated the New Teatament into English in 1524-25
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Counteralliance to the French-Italian Axis. Brought together Venice, the Papal States, Emperor Maximilian 1, and Ferdinand(Spain) against France
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Charles I of Spain elected to be Holy Roman Emperor
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Replaced Lutheranism as main Protestant sect in the second half of the sixteenth century. Began by John Calvin.
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Catherine of Aragon's daughter. Restored Catholic doctrine and killed many Protestants, "Bloody Mary"
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Ruled 1547-1559. Established new measures against Protestants with the Edict of Chateaubriand in 1551.
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Became regent for her minor son, Charles IX. Attempted to reconcile Protestant and Catholic Factions but failed. Issued the January Edict
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Martin Luther ordered to recant his views. He refused and was excommunicated and placed under the Imperial ban.
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King of Spain. Ordered his Armada to invade England after the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.
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Ordered all Lutherans and Calvinists to return to Catholicism
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Developed Ptolemy's works into a geocentric system
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Defensive Alliance of Lutheran princes
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Daughter of Anne Boleyn. Really good domestic and foreign policy
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Led opposition to Spanish Occupation in Netherlands
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reigned under regencies of Edward Seymour and earl of Warwick (duke of Northumberland), England enacted Protestant Reformation under him
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Officially recognized by the church in 1540, instrumental in the success of the Counter-Reformation
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General council of the church to reassert church doctrine
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Got vast amounts of astronomical data
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Charles V crushed Schmalkaldic League and removed leader of Saxony
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Ruled 1589 to 1610. Henry of Navarre led the Protestants
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established that the leader of a land would determine its religion. Officiated Lutherans, but not Calvinists and Anabaptists
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Repealed all anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor and asserted Elizabeth I's role as "supreme governor" of both spiritual and temporal affairs
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father of empiricism
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Granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside towns and privately within them
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First to use telescopes, discovered many things and used them to support Copernican system and popularize it
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Each year, a fleet of commercial vessels controlled by Seville merchants and escorted by warships carried merchandise from Spain to verified ports in Americal. Trade outside of this was illegal
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Son of Mary Queen of Scots. Divine right of kings, diminished use of Parliament, opposed to Puritans, poor foreign policy, just a rude dude
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Catholic Baroque artist
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Italian Painter
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Took Brahe's data and used it to improve the theory of heliocentricism
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Holy League of Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the Pope, under command of Don Juan, formed to check Turks in the Mediterranean. Don John fought the Ottoman Navy, under Ali Pasha, off Lepanto in the Gulf of Corinth. Turks lost
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3,000 Huguenots butchered in Paris
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Granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom
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After Spanish Mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp on November 4, 1576 the ten largest Catholic southern provinces unified in opposition to Spain in the Pacification of Ghent
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Had claim to English throne. After plot to make her queen of England was discovered, she was executed, causing outrage
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Traced all pyschological processes to bare sensation, rulers should be absolute absolute and unlimited in their power,
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Spanish Armada, under Medina-Sidonia, defeated by English fleet, under Sir Francis Drkae
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Deduction, rational speculation, and internal reflection by the mind
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Catholic Baroque artist
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Henry IV's, proclaimed a formal religious settlement
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Leader of the Parliamentary Army, become a military dictator
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Parliament refused him funds, forced to sign Petition of Right, war with Scotland
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Protestant Baroque Artist
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War between Protestant and Catholic forces in the Holy Roman Empire, eventually involving most of Europe
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Ferdinand became king of Bohemia, intending to restore the lands to Catholocism. Revoked rights of Bohemian Protestants. Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, Bohemians deposed him in Prague and declared the Calvinist elector Palatine, Frederick V. Ferdinand II won
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Protestant nobility in Prague responded to Ferdinand's act by throwing his regents out the window of the royal palace
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The commodity of sugar was found to be able to grow in the West Indies and so it was. Laborers were scarce so African slaves were brought in
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Minister to Louis XIV. Amassed funds for the crown
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Refuted both dogmatism and skepticism, religion is nit the domain of reason and science
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Lutheran king Christian IV of Denmark resisted Ferdinand II, and was defeated by Maximilian. Ferdinand fired Maximilian and hired Albrecht of Wallenstein, carried Ferdinand's campaign into Denmark
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reasserted Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg, the illegality of Calvinism, and ordered the return of all church lands the Lutherans had acquired since 1552
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Son of Charles I, negotiated with army and returned to England and returned to become monarch
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Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden became new leader of Protestant forces and began winning. Died at the hands of Wallenstein's forces. Ferdinand disliked Wallenstein's independence and had him assasinated
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If rulers betray the trust of the governed then the government have a right to replace them. Tabula rasa
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demanded the Test Act be reoeaked, promoted rights for Catholics, forced out by William III of Orange and fled to France, William III of Orange and Mary II crowned as monarchs and implement Bill of RIghts
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compromise between Ferdinand and the German Protestant states. France and the Netherlands continued to support Sweden, however, refusing to join the agreement
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French openly entered war, along with Spain and Sweden, looting Germany and killing 1/3 of it's population
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Ruled 1643-1715, Absolutist monarch
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List of grievances presented to Charles I of England by Parliament
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Furthered physics
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Ended all hostilites within the Holy Roman Empire, rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution and reasserted that a land's ruler determined it's religion, and gave Calvinists recognition, and independence of Swiss Confedearcy and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and much more
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Between 1630 and 1831, English landowners had the exclusive right to hunt
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Louis XIV wanted to bully the Huguenots, so he revoked the Edict of Nantes
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Limited powers of monarchs and monarchs would rule by the consent of Parliament, prohibited Catholics from assuming the throne
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promoted Montesquieu's Spirit of Law in her salons
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Spirit of the Laws, The Oersian Letters, division of power in government
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Letters on the English, Candide, fought religious persecution
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Young men and women would marry and form their own independent households
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French corvee (forced labor of peasants), Russian landlords could demand six days of labor from their serfs and could exile a serf to siberia
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Governments heavily regulate trade and commerce in hop of increasing national wealth
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Constructed between 1676-1708, became Louis XIV's oermanent residence after 1682. Just a big show of his wealth really
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society is more important than its individuals, obedience to law
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Enlightened absolutist, state commanded loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the lutheran clergy, bureacuracy, university professors, etc. Extensive religious toleration
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Established the boundaries of empire during the first half of the eighteenth century
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Leader for the publication of Encyclopedia
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Appointed the chancellor that abolished the parlements
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Attempted to reassert Spain's contro lof the empire. Abolished monopolies of Seville and Cadiz and permitted other Spanish cities to trade with America, opened more ports to trade and authorized commerce between Spanis hports in America, introduced intendants,
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Leader of the publication of Encyclopedia
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Wealth of Nation, mercantile system be abolished, laissex faire economics
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The Critique of Pure reason, The Critique of Practical Reason
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Replaced Calonne after he was removed from office by Louis XVI under pressure from the Estates General. He attempted to reform the land tax, as Calonne had, but was met with resistance and replaced with Necker.
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Major reforms with political and social support. Limited Administrative Reform, Economic Growth, Territorial Expansion
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Condemned the reconstruction of the French administration in Reflections on the Revolution in France
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French royal director-general of finances made a public report in 1781 suggesting that the French debt wasn't as bad as expected and that a good portion of the budget went to pensions for aristocrats and royal court favorites
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French minister of finance, Proposed to encourage internal trade, to lower some taxes (such as the one on salt), and to transform the peasants' labor services into money payments. In addition, he wanted to introduce a new land tax that all landowners would ahve to pay
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On Crimes and Punishments, criminal justice system should ensure speedy trial and certain punishment and the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime. attacked torture and capital punishment
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In 1731, during a Spanish boarding of an English Vessel to look for contraband, there was a fight and the Spaniards cut off the ear of the English Captain, Robert Jenkins, in 1738 Jenkins brought his ear before Parliament to show of the Spanish atrocities. Parliament was lobbied to relieve Spanish pressures on trade and so England went to war with Spain
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Narrow, passionless, rationality. Centralization of Authority,
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German Romantic Writer
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A defnsive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of Foreign troops into the German states. Britain and Prussia both signed
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Fredrick II invaded Saxony to prevent a conspiracy by France, Saxony, and Austria to destroy Prussian power. In turn, France and Austria made an alliance to destory Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, as well as several other small German states. Britain attacked French colonies in America and India.
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dominant figure on the Committee of Public Safety, considered Reign of Terror essential for the survival of the Republic
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Vindication of the Rights of Women, against Rousseau
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Prime minister of England, turned against both reform and popular movements. began construction of the Third Coalition
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heroic leader in the days of September 1792 and who briefly served on the Committee of Public Safety, prior to Robespierre. Accused of being insufficiently militant on the war and was executed in April of 1794
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Excluded jews from a manifesto welcoming foreigners to Russia
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Britain recieved all of Canada, the Ohio River Valley, and the eastern half of the Mississippi river Valley, and returned Pondicherry and Chadernagore in India and the West Indian sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique to France
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British taxing of sugar in the colonies to pay back Seven Years' War debt
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Put a tax on legal documents and other items such as newspapers to reduce Seven Years' War debt
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German Romantic Writer
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French leader
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English Romantic Writer
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British troops killed five citizens
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English Romantic Writer
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After new tax on tea was imposed cities refused to permit the unloading of the tea. In Boston, a shipload of tea was thrown into the harbor.
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Dismissed Louis XV's chancellor and restored parlements
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Split the colonies and Britain and started the revolutionary war.
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Fight for colonial freedom, France helped out the colonies
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part of a collective plea for freedom of expressioin, product of the collective efforts of more than a hundred authors, many attempts at its censorization
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Ended American Revolution, giving colonies independence
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Catherine the Great legally defined the rights and privlieges of noble men and women in exchange for assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily
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English Romantic Writer
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A list of grievances presented to the king by the Third Estate's electors.
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Meeting of the three estates. The First Estate was the clergy. The Second Estate was the nobility. The Third Estate was everyone else. The Third Estate had basically no control over the actions of politics. The aristocracy attempted to have voting by order, rather than head, effectively eliminating the Third Estate.
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The third Estate refused to sit as a seperate order, like the king desired, and they formed the National Assembly in resistance. On June 19th the Second Estate voted to join the assembly, but barely. Some priests joined them as well.
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The National Assembly was locked out of the room they were meeting in by Louis XVI is an attempt to assert a role in the proceedings. Instead, the National Assembly met at a near by tennis court. They took an oath to continue to sit until they had given France a constitution. Louis XVI ordered the National Assembly to desist, but many clergy and nobles joined the assembly in defiance of Louis XVI.
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Louis XVI formally requested the First and Second estate meet with the National Assembly, where voting would occur by head rather than order. Tne National Assembly at this point had twice the number of members than either individual estate.
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The king had been amassing troops at Versailles and dismissed Necker. Meanwhile, the parisians had been facing high bread prices and were producing riots. By June, they were forming a citizen militia. On July 14th, they stormed the Bastille in an attempt to gather weapons for the militia. The Bastille's soldiers fired into the amassing militia, killing 98 and wounding more. Then, the crowd stormed the fortress, releasing the 7 prisoners inside and killing several troops and the governor.
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Rumors of royal troops being sent to rural districts caused peasants to destory legal records, and take possesion of food supplies and land they considered theirs in what is known as the "Great Fear". On August 4, several liberal nobles and clerics renounced their feudal rights, dues, tihes, hunting and fishing rights, judicial authority, and legal exemptions in an attempt to hault the Great Fear, thereafter all French citizens were subject to the same laws.
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Declaration of broad political principles published before the constitution. It drew on the political language of the Enlightenment and the Declaration of Rights adopted by the state of Virginia in June 1776.
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Louis XVI stalled before ratifying the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the aristocratic renunciation of feudalism. In addition, bread continued to be scarce and expensive. As such, on October 5, about 7,000 Parisian women marched to Versailles, demanding bread. On October 6, the Parisians demanded hat Louis and his family return to Paris with them and so he did.
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the National Constituent Assembly transformed the Roman Catholic Church in France into a secular state. They also dissolved all religious orders in France, excepting those that cared for the sick or ran schools.
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Established a constitutional monarchy
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Government of Paris went from committee to commune of representatives from the municipal wards of the city
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Paris Commune executed 1,200 political prisoners in county jails
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Condemned death for conspiring againsdt the liberty of the people and the security of the state
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The Convention established a Committee of General Security and a Committee of Public Safety to carry out the executive duties of the government
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Conscripted whole male population into the army
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deistic cult reflecting Rousseau's vision of a civic religion that would induce morality among the citizens
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replaced the Constitution of 1793. reflected determination to reject both constitutional monarchy and democracy, provided for a legislature of two houses
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Established rule of Bonaparte as sole leader
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Napoleon announced Catholicism as the religion of a great majority of French citizens, Pope Pius VII required that both the refractory clergy and those who had accepted the revolution to resign
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Safeguarded al forms of property and tried to secure French society against internal challenges. All privileges based on birth remained abolished
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Britain, Russia, and Austria against France
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included most of the western German princes
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Napoleon invaded with approximately 1,000,000 troops, Russia retreated with a scorched-earth policy, Napoleon won nothing and returned with 100,000 troops
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Allied forces marched on Paris, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba
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Settlements on issues from the French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
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Napoleon returns and is crushed by allies and Prussians, abdicated and exiled off Africa
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England, Austria, Prussia, Russia
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Suspended habeas corpus and extended existing laws against seditious gatherings
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Royal troops killed eleven people
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army officers refused to accept Nicholas as Tsar
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Limited children working hours