-
Period: Jan 1, 1265 to Jan 1, 1321
Dante Alighieri
Wrote the Divine Comedy -
Period: Jan 1, 1277 to Jan 1, 1447
Visconti Family
Rulers of Milan -
Period: Jan 1, 1304 to Jan 1, 1374
Francesco Petrarch
The "Father of Humanism", involved in Roman Revolt (1347-49), wrote letters ands poetry ("Letters to the Ancient Dead," "Africa," "Lives of Illustrious Men" -
Period: Jan 1, 1304 to Jan 1, 1374
Francesco Petrarch
wrote Letters to the Ancient Dead, Africa, Lives of Illustrious Men.
"Father of Humanism" -
Period: Sep 20, 1378 to Jan 1, 1417
The Great Schism
France declared their Pope at Avignon to be the true pope, Rome claimed theirs. Ended when Council of Constance declared Roman pope and Avignon pope was removed -
Jan 1, 1380
Brothers of Common Life
Religious movement beginning in the Netherlands that permitted men and women to live a shared religious life without making formal vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience -
Period: Jan 1, 1394 to Jan 1, 1460
Prince Henry the Navigator
Brother of the King of Portugal. Captured the North African city of Ceuta. Began Portuguese exploration of African Coast -
Period: Jan 1, 1395 to Feb 3, 1468
Johann Gutenburg
Inventor of the movable type printing around 1439 -
Period: Jan 1, 1434 to Jan 1, 1464
Cosimo de' Medici
Wealthy Florentine banker and statesman. Rose to power in 1434. Controlled the city internslly from b ehind the scenes by keeping councillors loyal to him in the Signoria. -
Period: Jan 1, 1439 to Jan 1, 1492
Florentine Platonic Academy
Sponsored by Cosimo de' Medici. Not an actual Academy, just a group of intellectuals that considered themselves to be a modern form of Plato's Academy -
Period: Jan 1, 1447 to Jan 1, 1535
Sforza Family
Rulers of Milan after the Visconti Family went extinct -
Period: Jan 1, 1451 to Jan 1, 1506
Christopher Columbus
Discovered the Bahamas, and by correlation the Americas, believing he was in the West Indies for Spain -
Period: Jan 1, 1451 to Jan 1, 1512
Amerigo Vespucci
Explored the coast of South America -
Period: Jan 1, 1452 to Jan 1, 1508
Ludovico il Moro
Milanese despot who caused hostilities between Milan and Naples. Invited France to invade Italy, specifically Naples. but was also invaded and put in prison -
Period: Jan 1, 1452 to Jan 1, 1519
Leonardo da Vinci
Renaisasance painter, inventor, sculptor, magnificient beard wearer -
Period: Jan 1, 1452 to Jan 1, 1498
Girolamo Savonarola
Radical Dominican Preacher who forced Florence's ruler, Piero de' Medici, out of Florence, saving it from French destruction. Ruled for 4 years before being imprisoned and exiled -
Apr 9, 1454
Treaty of Lodi
Allied Milan, Naples, and Florence -
Period: Oct 27, 1466 to Jul 12, 1536
Desiderius Erasmus
Famous northern humanist, religious reformer, etc. Philosophia Christi, ethical piety in imitation of christ -
Period: Jan 1, 1473 to Jan 1, 1543
Nicolas Copernicus
Adopted Ptolemaic system's ideas into a heliocentric system -
Period: Jan 1, 1475 to Jan 1, 1530
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
Guided royal opposition to incipient English Protestantism before Thomas More -
Period: Jan 1, 1475 to Jan 1, 1564
Michelangelo
David, Sistine Chapel frescoes -
Period: Jan 1, 1478 to Jan 1, 1492
Lorenzo the Magnificient
Grandson of Cosimo, ruled Florence in an almost Totalitarian regime -
Period: Jan 1, 1478 to Jan 1, 1535
Thomas More
Important Councillor to Henry VIII. Refused to recognize the Act of Succesion and the Act of Supremacy and was summarily executed. Opposed English Reformation. -
Oct 1, 1478
Baldassare Castiglione's Book of the Courtier
Written as a practical guide for the nobility -
Period: Jan 1, 1480 to Jan 1, 1521
Ferdinand Magellan
Explored around South America to the Phillipines, where he was killed. The remnants of his crew became the first to circumnaviage the globe. -
Period: Jan 1, 1483 to Jan 1, 1546
Martin Luther
Leader/Beginner of Catholic Reformation -
Period: Jan 1, 1483 to Jan 1, 1520
Raphael
The School of Athens -
Period: Jan 1, 1484 to Jan 1, 1531
Ulrich Zwingli
Leader of Swiss Reformation -
Period: Jan 1, 1491 to Jan 1, 1547
Henry VIII
Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, so he split with the Roman Catholic Church -
Period: Jan 1, 1491 to Jan 1, 1551
Martin Bucer
Protestant Reformer in Strausbourg -
Period: Jan 1, 1491 to Jan 1, 1556
Ignatius Loyola
founder of the Jesuits -
Period: Jan 1, 1492 to Jan 1, 1536
William Tyndale
Translated the New Teatament into English in 1524-25 -
Mar 1, 1495
League of Venice
Counteralliance to the French-Italian Axis. Brought together Venice, the Papal States, Emperor Maximilian 1, and Ferdinand(Spain) against France -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to Jan 1, 1558
Charles V
Charles I of Spain elected to be Holy Roman Emperor -
Period: Jan 1, 1509 to Jan 1, 1564
John Calvin
Replaced Lutheranism as main Protestant sect in the second half of the sixteenth century. Began by John Calvin. -
Period: Jan 1, 1516 to Jan 1, 1558
Mary I
Catherine of Aragon's daughter. Restored Catholic doctrine and killed many Protestants, "Bloody Mary" -
Period: Jan 1, 1519 to Jan 1, 1559
Henry II
Ruled 1547-1559. Established new measures against Protestants with the Edict of Chateaubriand in 1551. -
Period: Jan 1, 1519 to
Catherine de Medicis
Became regent for her minor son, Charles IX. Attempted to reconcile Protestant and Catholic Factions but failed. Issued the January Edict -
Apr 1, 1521
Diet of Worms
Martin Luther ordered to recant his views. He refused and was excommunicated and placed under the Imperial ban. -
Period: Jan 1, 1527 to
Phillip II
King of Spain. Ordered his Armada to invade England after the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. -
Jan 1, 1530
Diet of Augsburg
Ordered all Lutherans and Calvinists to return to Catholicism -
Jan 1, 1530
Aristotle
Developed Ptolemy's works into a geocentric system -
Feb 1, 1531
Schmalkaldic League
Defensive Alliance of Lutheran princes -
Period: Jan 1, 1533 to
Elizabeth I
Daughter of Anne Boleyn. Really good domestic and foreign policy -
Period: Jan 1, 1533 to
William of Orange
Led opposition to Spanish Occupation in Netherlands -
Period: Jan 1, 1537 to Jan 1, 1553
Edward VI
reigned under regencies of Edward Seymour and earl of Warwick (duke of Northumberland), England enacted Protestant Reformation under him -
Jan 1, 1540
Society of Jesus
Officially recognized by the church in 1540, instrumental in the success of the Counter-Reformation -
Period: Jan 1, 1545 to Jan 1, 1563
Council of Trent
General council of the church to reassert church doctrine -
Period: Jan 1, 1546 to
Tycho Brahe
Got vast amounts of astronomical data -
Jan 1, 1547
Schmalkaldic Wars
Charles V crushed Schmalkaldic League and removed leader of Saxony -
Period: Jan 1, 1553 to
Henry IV
Ruled 1589 to 1610. Henry of Navarre led the Protestants -
Sep 1, 1555
Peace of Augsburg
established that the leader of a land would determine its religion. Officiated Lutherans, but not Calvinists and Anabaptists -
Jan 1, 1559
Act of Supremacy
Repealed all anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor and asserted Elizabeth I's role as "supreme governor" of both spiritual and temporal affairs -
Period: Jan 1, 1561 to
Francis Bacon
father of empiricism -
Jan 1, 1562
January Edict
Granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside towns and privately within them -
Period: Jan 1, 1564 to
Galileo Galilei
First to use telescopes, discovered many things and used them to support Copernican system and popularize it -
Jan 1, 1566
Flota System
Each year, a fleet of commercial vessels controlled by Seville merchants and escorted by warships carried merchandise from Spain to verified ports in Americal. Trade outside of this was illegal -
Period: Jan 1, 1566 to
James I
Son of Mary Queen of Scots. Divine right of kings, diminished use of Parliament, opposed to Puritans, poor foreign policy, just a rude dude -
Period: Jan 1, 1571 to
Peter Paul Reubens
Catholic Baroque artist -
Period: Jan 1, 1571 to
Michelangelo Caravaggio
Italian Painter -
Period: Jan 1, 1571 to
Johannes Kepler
Took Brahe's data and used it to improve the theory of heliocentricism -
Oct 7, 1571
Battle of Lepanto
Holy League of Spain, Venice, Genoa, and the Pope, under command of Don Juan, formed to check Turks in the Mediterranean. Don John fought the Ottoman Navy, under Ali Pasha, off Lepanto in the Gulf of Corinth. Turks lost -
Aug 24, 1572
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
3,000 Huguenots butchered in Paris -
May 1, 1576
Peace of Beaulieu
Granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom -
Nov 4, 1576
Pacification of Ghent
After Spanish Mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp on November 4, 1576 the ten largest Catholic southern provinces unified in opposition to Spain in the Pacification of Ghent -
Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
Had claim to English throne. After plot to make her queen of England was discovered, she was executed, causing outrage -
Period: to
Thomas Hobbes
Traced all pyschological processes to bare sensation, rulers should be absolute absolute and unlimited in their power, -
Deafeat of Spanish Armada
Spanish Armada, under Medina-Sidonia, defeated by English fleet, under Sir Francis Drkae -
Period: to
Rene Descartes
Deduction, rational speculation, and internal reflection by the mind -
Period: to
Gianlorenzo Bernini
Catholic Baroque artist -
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV's, proclaimed a formal religious settlement -
Period: to
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of the Parliamentary Army, become a military dictator -
Period: to
Charles I
Parliament refused him funds, forced to sign Petition of Right, war with Scotland -
Period: to
Rembrant van Rijn
Protestant Baroque Artist -
Period: to
Thirty Year's War
War between Protestant and Catholic forces in the Holy Roman Empire, eventually involving most of Europe -
Period: to
Bohemian Period
Ferdinand became king of Bohemia, intending to restore the lands to Catholocism. Revoked rights of Bohemian Protestants. Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, Bohemians deposed him in Prague and declared the Calvinist elector Palatine, Frederick V. Ferdinand II won -
Defenestration of Prague
Protestant nobility in Prague responded to Ferdinand's act by throwing his regents out the window of the royal palace -
Sugar Production and Slaves
The commodity of sugar was found to be able to grow in the West Indies and so it was. Laborers were scarce so African slaves were brought in -
Period: to
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Minister to Louis XIV. Amassed funds for the crown -
Period: to
Blaise Pascal
Refuted both dogmatism and skepticism, religion is nit the domain of reason and science -
Period: to
Danish Period
Lutheran king Christian IV of Denmark resisted Ferdinand II, and was defeated by Maximilian. Ferdinand fired Maximilian and hired Albrecht of Wallenstein, carried Ferdinand's campaign into Denmark -
Edict of Restitution
reasserted Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg, the illegality of Calvinism, and ordered the return of all church lands the Lutherans had acquired since 1552 -
Period: to
Charles II
Son of Charles I, negotiated with army and returned to England and returned to become monarch -
Period: to
Swedish Period
Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden became new leader of Protestant forces and began winning. Died at the hands of Wallenstein's forces. Ferdinand disliked Wallenstein's independence and had him assasinated -
Period: to
John Locke
If rulers betray the trust of the governed then the government have a right to replace them. Tabula rasa -
Period: to
James II
demanded the Test Act be reoeaked, promoted rights for Catholics, forced out by William III of Orange and fled to France, William III of Orange and Mary II crowned as monarchs and implement Bill of RIghts -
Peace of Prague
compromise between Ferdinand and the German Protestant states. France and the Netherlands continued to support Sweden, however, refusing to join the agreement -
Period: to
Swedish-French Period
French openly entered war, along with Spain and Sweden, looting Germany and killing 1/3 of it's population -
Period: to
Louis XIV
Ruled 1643-1715, Absolutist monarch -
Grand Remonstrance
List of grievances presented to Charles I of England by Parliament -
Period: to
Isaac Newton
Furthered physics -
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended all hostilites within the Holy Roman Empire, rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution and reasserted that a land's ruler determined it's religion, and gave Calvinists recognition, and independence of Swiss Confedearcy and the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and much more -
Period: to
English Game Laws
Between 1630 and 1831, English landowners had the exclusive right to hunt -
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Louis XIV wanted to bully the Huguenots, so he revoked the Edict of Nantes -
English Bill of Rights
Limited powers of monarchs and monarchs would rule by the consent of Parliament, prohibited Catholics from assuming the throne -
Period: to
Madame de Tencin
promoted Montesquieu's Spirit of Law in her salons -
Period: to
Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu
Spirit of the Laws, The Oersian Letters, division of power in government -
Period: to
Voltaire
Letters on the English, Candide, fought religious persecution -
Neolocalism
Young men and women would marry and form their own independent households -
Serfs and Corvees
French corvee (forced labor of peasants), Russian landlords could demand six days of labor from their serfs and could exile a serf to siberia -
Mercantilism
Governments heavily regulate trade and commerce in hop of increasing national wealth -
Versailles
Constructed between 1676-1708, became Louis XIV's oermanent residence after 1682. Just a big show of his wealth really -
Period: to
Jean Jacques Rousseau
society is more important than its individuals, obedience to law -
Period: to
Frederick II of Prussia
Enlightened absolutist, state commanded loyalty of the military, the junker nobility, the lutheran clergy, bureacuracy, university professors, etc. Extensive religious toleration -
Treaty of Utrecht
Established the boundaries of empire during the first half of the eighteenth century -
Period: to
Denis Diderot
Leader for the publication of Encyclopedia -
Period: to
Louis XV
Appointed the chancellor that abolished the parlements -
Period: to
Charles III
Attempted to reassert Spain's contro lof the empire. Abolished monopolies of Seville and Cadiz and permitted other Spanish cities to trade with America, opened more ports to trade and authorized commerce between Spanis hports in America, introduced intendants, -
Period: to
Jean Le Rond d'Alembert
Leader of the publication of Encyclopedia -
Period: to
Adam Smith
Wealth of Nation, mercantile system be abolished, laissex faire economics -
Period: to
Immanuel Kant
The Critique of Pure reason, The Critique of Practical Reason -
Period: to
Charles Lomenie de Brienne
Replaced Calonne after he was removed from office by Louis XVI under pressure from the Estates General. He attempted to reform the land tax, as Calonne had, but was met with resistance and replaced with Necker. -
Period: to
Catherine II of Russia
Major reforms with political and social support. Limited Administrative Reform, Economic Growth, Territorial Expansion -
Period: to
Edmund Burke
Condemned the reconstruction of the French administration in Reflections on the Revolution in France -
Period: to
Jacques Necker
French royal director-general of finances made a public report in 1781 suggesting that the French debt wasn't as bad as expected and that a good portion of the budget went to pensions for aristocrats and royal court favorites -
Period: to
Charles Alexander de Calonne
French minister of finance, Proposed to encourage internal trade, to lower some taxes (such as the one on salt), and to transform the peasants' labor services into money payments. In addition, he wanted to introduce a new land tax that all landowners would ahve to pay -
Period: to
Cesre Baccaria
On Crimes and Punishments, criminal justice system should ensure speedy trial and certain punishment and the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime. attacked torture and capital punishment -
War of Jenkin's Ear
In 1731, during a Spanish boarding of an English Vessel to look for contraband, there was a fight and the Spaniards cut off the ear of the English Captain, Robert Jenkins, in 1738 Jenkins brought his ear before Parliament to show of the Spanish atrocities. Parliament was lobbied to relieve Spanish pressures on trade and so England went to war with Spain -
Period: to
Jospeh II of Austria
Narrow, passionless, rationality. Centralization of Authority, -
Period: to
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
German Romantic Writer -
Convention of Westminster
A defnsive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of Foreign troops into the German states. Britain and Prussia both signed -
Period: to
Seven Years' War
Fredrick II invaded Saxony to prevent a conspiracy by France, Saxony, and Austria to destroy Prussian power. In turn, France and Austria made an alliance to destory Prussia, Sweden, and Russia, as well as several other small German states. Britain attacked French colonies in America and India. -
Period: to
Maximillian Robespierre
dominant figure on the Committee of Public Safety, considered Reign of Terror essential for the survival of the Republic -
Period: to
Mary Wollstonecraft
Vindication of the Rights of Women, against Rousseau -
Period: to
William Pitt the Younger
Prime minister of England, turned against both reform and popular movements. began construction of the Third Coalition -
Period: to
Jacques Danton
heroic leader in the days of September 1792 and who briefly served on the Committee of Public Safety, prior to Robespierre. Accused of being insufficiently militant on the war and was executed in April of 1794 -
Exclusion of Jews by Catherine the Great
Excluded jews from a manifesto welcoming foreigners to Russia -
Treaty of Paris of 1763
Britain recieved all of Canada, the Ohio River Valley, and the eastern half of the Mississippi river Valley, and returned Pondicherry and Chadernagore in India and the West Indian sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique to France -
Sugar Act
British taxing of sugar in the colonies to pay back Seven Years' War debt -
Stamp Act
Put a tax on legal documents and other items such as newspapers to reduce Seven Years' War debt -
Period: to
Friedrich Schlegel
German Romantic Writer -
Period: to
Napoleon Bonaparte
French leader -
Period: to
William Wordsworth
English Romantic Writer -
Period: to
Tory Ministry of Lord of Liverpool
-
Boston Massacre
British troops killed five citizens -
Period: to
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
English Romantic Writer -
Boston Tea Party
After new tax on tea was imposed cities refused to permit the unloading of the tea. In Boston, a shipload of tea was thrown into the harbor. -
Period: to
Louis XVI
Dismissed Louis XV's chancellor and restored parlements -
Declaration of Independence
Split the colonies and Britain and started the revolutionary war. -
Period: to
American Revolution
Fight for colonial freedom, France helped out the colonies -
The Encyclopedia
part of a collective plea for freedom of expressioin, product of the collective efforts of more than a hundred authors, many attempts at its censorization -
1783 Treaty of Paris
Ended American Revolution, giving colonies independence -
Charter of the Nobility
Catherine the Great legally defined the rights and privlieges of noble men and women in exchange for assurance that the nobility would serve the state voluntarily -
Period: to
Lord Byron
English Romantic Writer -
The Cahiers de Doleances
A list of grievances presented to the king by the Third Estate's electors. -
The Estates General at Versaille
Meeting of the three estates. The First Estate was the clergy. The Second Estate was the nobility. The Third Estate was everyone else. The Third Estate had basically no control over the actions of politics. The aristocracy attempted to have voting by order, rather than head, effectively eliminating the Third Estate. -
The National Assembly
The third Estate refused to sit as a seperate order, like the king desired, and they formed the National Assembly in resistance. On June 19th the Second Estate voted to join the assembly, but barely. Some priests joined them as well. -
The Tennis Court Oath
The National Assembly was locked out of the room they were meeting in by Louis XVI is an attempt to assert a role in the proceedings. Instead, the National Assembly met at a near by tennis court. They took an oath to continue to sit until they had given France a constitution. Louis XVI ordered the National Assembly to desist, but many clergy and nobles joined the assembly in defiance of Louis XVI. -
Louis XVI gives in to the National Assembly
Louis XVI formally requested the First and Second estate meet with the National Assembly, where voting would occur by head rather than order. Tne National Assembly at this point had twice the number of members than either individual estate. -
The Bastille
The king had been amassing troops at Versailles and dismissed Necker. Meanwhile, the parisians had been facing high bread prices and were producing riots. By June, they were forming a citizen militia. On July 14th, they stormed the Bastille in an attempt to gather weapons for the militia. The Bastille's soldiers fired into the amassing militia, killing 98 and wounding more. Then, the crowd stormed the fortress, releasing the 7 prisoners inside and killing several troops and the governor. -
The Great Fear
Rumors of royal troops being sent to rural districts caused peasants to destory legal records, and take possesion of food supplies and land they considered theirs in what is known as the "Great Fear". On August 4, several liberal nobles and clerics renounced their feudal rights, dues, tihes, hunting and fishing rights, judicial authority, and legal exemptions in an attempt to hault the Great Fear, thereafter all French citizens were subject to the same laws. -
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Declaration of broad political principles published before the constitution. It drew on the political language of the Enlightenment and the Declaration of Rights adopted by the state of Virginia in June 1776. -
The Parisian Women's March on Versailles
Louis XVI stalled before ratifying the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the aristocratic renunciation of feudalism. In addition, bread continued to be scarce and expensive. As such, on October 5, about 7,000 Parisian women marched to Versailles, demanding bread. On October 6, the Parisians demanded hat Louis and his family return to Paris with them and so he did. -
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
the National Constituent Assembly transformed the Roman Catholic Church in France into a secular state. They also dissolved all religious orders in France, excepting those that cared for the sick or ran schools. -
Constitution of 1791
Established a constitutional monarchy -
Paris Commune
Government of Paris went from committee to commune of representatives from the municipal wards of the city -
September Massacres
Paris Commune executed 1,200 political prisoners in county jails -
Execution of Louis XVi
Condemned death for conspiring againsdt the liberty of the people and the security of the state -
The Committee of Public Safety
The Convention established a Committee of General Security and a Committee of Public Safety to carry out the executive duties of the government -
Levee en Masse
Conscripted whole male population into the army -
Cult of the Supreme Being
deistic cult reflecting Rousseau's vision of a civic religion that would induce morality among the citizens -
Constitution of the Year III
replaced the Constitution of 1793. reflected determination to reject both constitutional monarchy and democracy, provided for a legislature of two houses -
Period: to
The Consulate in France
Established rule of Bonaparte as sole leader -
Concordat of 1801
Napoleon announced Catholicism as the religion of a great majority of French citizens, Pope Pius VII required that both the refractory clergy and those who had accepted the revolution to resign -
Civil Code of 1804
Safeguarded al forms of property and tried to secure French society against internal challenges. All privileges based on birth remained abolished -
Period: to
Napoleon's Empire
-
Third Coalition
Britain, Russia, and Austria against France -
Confederation of the Rhine
included most of the western German princes -
French invasion
Napoleon invaded with approximately 1,000,000 troops, Russia retreated with a scorched-earth policy, Napoleon won nothing and returned with 100,000 troops -
Abdication and Exile to Elba
Allied forces marched on Paris, Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba -
Vienna Settlement
Settlements on issues from the French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire -
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon returns and is crushed by allies and Prussians, abdicated and exiled off Africa -
Quadruple Alliance
England, Austria, Prussia, Russia -
Coercion Acts of March 1817
Suspended habeas corpus and extended existing laws against seditious gatherings -
Peterloo Massacre
Royal troops killed eleven people -
Decembrist Revolt
army officers refused to accept Nicholas as Tsar -
English Factory Act of 1833
Limited children working hours