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Period: Oct 12, 1492 to
Modern History
Time trancurred between the descubriment of America and the French Revolution. -
Estates-General
The Estates-General met in Versailles in May 1789. The meeting was chaired by the king and made up of representatives of nobility, clergy and Third State. However, the Third State representatives decided to leave the meeting when the privileged classes refused to allow them greater representation and insisted on one vote per estate rather than one per representative -
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Constitutional Monarchy
In the first phase of the Revolution, the moderate bourgeoisie tried to reach an agreement with the king and the privileged classes to make France a constitutional and parliamentary monarchy. To do this, the National Constituent Assembly: abolished feudalism and drew up a constitution. A Legislative Assembly was formed. This drafted new laws to implement liberalism, forced the nobility to pay taxes and abolished the guilds. A new army, the National Guard, was created to defend the Revolution. -
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Contemporany History
Period of time between the French Revoution to nowdays -
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French Revolution
The French Revolution was a social and political conflict, which convulsed France. It began with the proclamation of the Third Estate as the National Assembly in 1789 and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d' état in 1799. -
Tennis Court Oath
The representatives of the Third State met in a pavilion in Versailles (Jeu de Paume) and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly. They pledged to draft a constitution that reflected te will of the majority of French people. -
Storming of the Bastille
The people of Paris supported the Assembly's proposals, and they stormed the Bastille. The revolution spread to the countryside, where nobles' homes were burnt (the Great Fear) -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Defined individual and collective rights at the time of the French Revolution. -
Women's March on Versailles
From Paris’ markets, thousands of angry women marched to
Versailles.They forced the king to abandon his palace and go to Tuileries Palace in Paris. -
First French constitution
The constitution was based on the separation of powers, national sovereignty and legal equality, though the king reserved the right of veto. Census suffrage was also introduced, giving the vote to people with certain level of wealth -
War of the First Coalition
It happens betwee 1792 and 1797, in this war France fought against the absolutism powers of Europe concretly, they fought against Austria and Prussia -
Storm of Tulleries Palace
The common people (sans-culottes), stormed the Tuileries Palace and imprisoned the royal family. -
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Social Republic
The betrayal by the king and the military invasion led to the revolt by the common people(sans-culots). On 10 August 1792, they stormed the Tulleries Palace and imprisoned the royal family. A republic was declared and the second phase of the Revolution began. -
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Girondin Convention
The Girondins,the more moderate bourgeoisie, controlled the Republic. A new assembly, the National Convention, was elected by universal men suffrage. Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were convicted of treason and executed in 1793. In response to the king's deaht, monarchies in Europe formed an absolutist coalition against France. Inside the country, counter-revolutionary revolts broke out and the former privileged classes organised royalist plots. -
Execution of Louis XVI
After being convicted with foreign powers and sentenced to death by the French National Convention, King Louis XVI is executed by guillotine in the Place of the Revolution in Paris. -
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Jacobin Convention
n June 1793, the Jacobins, the most radical sector of the bourgeoisie, endorsed the demands of the popular sectors and seized power. The Revolution had now entered its most extreme phase. A new constitution that recognised popular sovereignty and the right to social equality was enacted. The executive was led by a Committee of Public Safety, which gave power to the Jacobin leader Robespierre.To reject the Austrian invasion, a mass levy was organised to force all citizens to join the army. -
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Reign of Terror
Freedoms were suspended and people opposed to the government were either imprisoned or revolutionary courts ordered their execution by guillotine (Law of Suspects) -
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Conservative Republic
The moderate bourgeoisie took back control of the Revolution and it entered its third phase. Jacobin laws were cancelled and exiles from the Reign of Terror were encouraged to return. A new Constitution (1795) granted executive power to a collegial government, known as the Directory, and restored census suffrage. The Directory was permanently unstable. In this context of crisis and war against the absolutist powers, general Napoléon Bonaparte organised a coup in 1799 that ended the Directory. -
Coup of the 18 Brumaire
The 9th of november 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte coup d'état that overthrew the system of government under the Directory in France and substituted the Consulate. -
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The Consulate
This was a period of autocratic and authoritarian rule. Napoleon aspired to put an end to the political instability of the Revolution, consolidate some of the revolutionary principles and promote economic recovery through a government that represented the interests of the bourgeoisie. The Constitution of 1800 of the new political system did not include the separation of powers or a declaration of rights. Liberties were very limited and censorship was imposed to control public opinion. -
Constitution of 1800
The Constitution of 1800 established a legislature of three houses, which was composed of a Conservative Senate, a Tribunate, and a Legislative Body. -
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The Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon began his conquest of Europe in 1803 and was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1804. His large army and the use of new military tactics enabled him to defeat most European monarchies. After France's victory over Austria and Russia at Austerlitz, the French troops seemed unstoppable. In 1808, the French invaded Spain, and Joseph Bonaparte, was made king. In 1811, the Napoleonic Empire had reached its zenith: it extended from Germany to Spain. France now controlled most of Europe. -
Napoleon crowned emperor
Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor. His coronation ceremony took place on December 2, 1804, in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris. -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
In 1808 the French invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte, one of the emperor's brothers, was made king. -
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The Restoration of absolutism
The Congress of Vienna established the ideological principles of the Restoration, such as the legitimacy of the absolute monarchs and the denial of national sovereignty. It also called for a balance of power between the victors through periodic meetings and the right of intervention. -
The Congress of Vienna and Holly Alliance Treaty
The Congress of Vienna established the ideological principles of the Restoration, such as the legitimacy of the absolute monarchs and the denial of national sovereignty. It also called for a balance of power between the victors through periodic meetings and the right of intervention. In 1815, the Holy Alliance Treaty was signed. This stipulated that the absolute monarchs would unite against any threat of liberal revolution. -
Batle of Waterloo
In 1815, the imperial armies were finally defeated in Waterloo by Great Britain and Prussia. Napoleon abdicated after the defeat and was sent into exile on the island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821. -
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Greek War of Independence
Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. The Greeks had to pay high taxes, they were excluded from state administration jobs and they felt dominated by a group of people with a different religion and culture. In 1822, the Greeks declared independence, but it was not recognised by the Turks, and resulted in the beginning of a war. In 1827, with the help of French and British military intervention, the Greeks defeated the Ottoman Empire. Greece gained its independence in 1830. -
Revolution of 1830
After 1815, liberalism and nationalism became the two main opposition forces, prompting the revolutions of 1830 and 1848 that ended the restoration of absolutism. The insurrections had significant popular support. When they were successful, absolutism was replaced by liberal political systems governed by a constitution in which the bourgeoisie held power. The movement began in France when Charles X, the absolute monarch who succeeded Louis XVIII a few years after the fall of Napoleon -
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The Belgian Revolution
Belgium was made part of the Kingdom of Holland by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which then became the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The spread of liberal ideas helped the Belgian Revolution, and Belgium became a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. An armed conflict followed Belgium's declaration of independence. It finally ended when the Netherlands recognised Belgium's independence in 1839. -
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First Carlis War
The First Carlist War (1833-1839) began in the Basque Country and, despite having experienced commanders like Zumalacárregui, the Carlists were defeated by the liberal army of General Espartero. Peace was signed at the Convention of Vergara (1839).
Despite their defeat, the Carlists continued to exist as defenders of tradition, with significant popular support and their own line of succession. Between 1846 and 1848 there were significant Carlist uprisings in Catalonia (Revolt of the Matiners). -
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Reign of Isabela II
The reign of Isabella II had 6 phases :
``The regency of Maria Christina (1833-1840)´´,``The regency of Espartero (1840-1843)´´, ``The Moderate Decade (1843-1854)´´, ``The Progressive Biennium (1854-1856)´´ and the ``The system in decline (1856-1868)´´. -
Zollverein
Customs Union, it was a treat that eliminate the customns in the Germanic confederation. -
Revolutions of 1848
The revolutions of 1848 showed how countries under the control of empires wanted to pursue the idea of nationalism and the creation of new liberal governments. In the Austrian Empire, the revolt in Vienna was liberal in character, and the revolution forced chancellor Metternich to resign. In France, a popular uprising proclaimed the Second Republic, which adopted a number of democratic measures, such as universal male suffrage, press freedom, abolition of the death penalty... -
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French second Republic
In France, a popular uprising proclaimed the Second Republic, which adopted a number of democratic measures, such as universal male suffrage, press freedom, abolition of the death penalty and recognition of certain rights for workers. -
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Italian unification
1859.Kingdom of Piedmont, ruled by the liberal
monarchy of Savoy with Cavour as Prime Minister,
started the unification
Declared the war on Austria and annexed Lombardy
Popular uprising lead by Garibaldi overthrew the
absolute monarchies in central and southern Italy
1861. Victor Manuel II of Savoy proclaimed king of
Italy
1866. Austria left Venetia
1870. The Papal states were
annexed and Rome became
the capital. -
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Germany Unification
1834.Prussia created a customs union
(Zollverein).
1848. 1st freely elected parliament offered the
crown of Germany to the king of Prussia, who
refused it.
1861. New political figures in Prussia: King
Wilhelm I and Otto von Bismarck as chancellor.
War on Denmark (1864)
War on Austria (1866)
War on France (1870)
1871. Proclamation of the Second German
Empire (or Reich) with Wilhelm I as Kaiser.
