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Was the Grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Carried the title of Holy Roman Emporer, and was constantly at war with France, Protestants, and the Ottoman Empire. Later in life, he became a monk.
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Although he failed to prevent Henry IV from taking the french throne, Phillip II was the most powerful ruler in Europe. He had inheritied many lands from his father, and recieved gold funneling his campaign against the Ottoman turks and the French/English protestants.
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Succeded her sister, Mary Tudor, Elizabeth denied Philip's marriage efforts and promptly brought protestantism back to England. Eventually, she provided firms and troops to the dutch protestant cause. She moved to solidify her personel power and the authority of the anglican church. In the long run, her greatest challenges came from the Calvinist puritans and Philip II.
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He dies in a jousting accident
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After his father, Henry II died, and his fifteen year old son Francis died soon after, a ten year old Charles became King. His Mother, Katherine De'Medicis ruled as queen regent.
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Calvinist nobles provided military protection to local congregations and helped set up a national organization for French Calvinists. In 1562, rival Hugenot and Catholic armies began fighting a series of wars that threatened to tear the french nation to shreds.
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The Calvinist's smashed stain-glass windows and statues of the Virgin mary. Philip sent an army to punish the rebels.
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Scottish calvinist's forced mary to abdicate the throne of scotland in favor of her son, James, a one-year-old, who was raised a protestant.
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In the south of spain, the Morisco's (muslim converts to catholicism but still loyal to islam) have revolted, killing ninety priests and fifteen hundred christians. Philip II of Spain retaliated by forcing fifty thousand to leave their villages and resettle and other regions.
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Philip II's single greatest military victory, when he joined with Venice and the papacy to defeat the Turks in a great sea battle off the greek coast of Lepanto. 50,000 soldier fought on the allied side and 8,000 died. Spain now controlled the western mediteranean.
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The Catholic mobs murdered three thousand hugenots in Paris over the course of three days.
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After Charles IX died, Henry III became king. Like his brother before him, Henry III failed to produce an heir. Therefore, Hnery of Navarre, a Protestant Bourban leader, became king after.
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Philip's long unpaid armies sacked Antwerp, Europe's wealhtiest commercial city. The Spanish slaughtered 7,000 people. The Netherlands seven protestant northern provinces, lead by prince william of orange, formally aligned with ten caholic southern provinces and drove out the spanish.
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After Elizabeth orders Mary's beheading, Philip II reacts by sending his Spanish fleet to the English channel. The english fought back by sending blazing fire ships into its midst. When the ships were sent home in september, the men were exhausted and many had died. Protestants throughout Europe rejoiced.
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After Henry III was stabbed to death, Henry of Navarre became Henry IV, despite Phillips attempt to bloke his assencion by military intervention.
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He figured that to establish control of war-weary France he had to place the interests of the French over his own protestant beliefs. Therefore, he publicly embraces Catholicism with the statement, "Paris is worth a Mass."
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Most of Europe suffered from shortages; the resulting famine triggered revolts from Ireland to Musciovy.
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The Dutch republic had a relatively large jewish population, because so many jews had settled there after being driven out of Spain and Portugal. This openess to various relgions would help to make the Dutch Rebublic one of Europe's most intellectual and acientific centers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
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Issued by Henry the 4th of France, he made peace with Spain, got granted the hugenots a large measure of religious toleraation. The 1.25 million hugenots became a legally protected minority within the an officially catholic kingdom of some twenty million. Protestants were free to worship in specified towns, and were allowed their own troops fortresses.
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Elizabeth's chosen succesor to the throne, to maintain protestantism. James I came to the throne as ruler of both England and Scotland.
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Louis XIII hoped to profit from the troubles of Spain in the Netherlands and from the conflicts between the Austrian emporer and his Protestant subjects.
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After Ivan IV's death, the period called "The Time of Troubles" ensued; in which the king of Poland-Lithunia tried to put his son on the Russian throne. In 1613, russian nobles, townspeople, and peasants, expelled the intruders and put Michael Romanov on the throne, who established am enduring new dynasty.
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A serious of religious wars, that took place in central Europe between the Protestants, the other protestants, and the Catholics.
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African slaves were first imported to the colony of Virgina, foreshadowing a major transformation of economic life in the New World colonies.
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Ferdinand Rules, but is deposed by the Boehmian's who chose the young Calvinist, Fredrick V of the Palintine (r. 1616-1623)
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The Mayflower, a boat filled with pilgrims trying to seperate from the church, landed in the New World and establihed the Plymouth colony.
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Bad harvests and malnutiriton weakend the people and the plague was feared the most. nearly 5 % of France's population died just of the plague.
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Issued by Ferdinand, the edict outlined Calvinism in the empire and reclaimed catholic church properties confiscated by the Lutherans.
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France openly joins the Fray by declaring war on Spain ad soon after forging an alliance witg the calvinist dutch to aid them in their ongoing struggle for official independance from Spain.
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Peasants from the rich northeastern province of Catalonia rebel, overrunning Barcelona and killing their viceroy. The Catalans resented government confiscation of their crops and demands that they had to house and feed soldiers on their way to the frontier.
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A comprehensive settlement, this serves as a model for resolving future conflicts among warring European states. For the first time, diplomatic congress convened to address international disputes, and those signing the treaties garunteed the rsulting settlement.
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Parliment excluded all but Angelicans from civilian and military positions. Puritans were considered "radicals" and catholics were "traitors"
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any unjustly imprisoned could obtain a writ of habeus corpeus compelling the government to explain why he had lost his liberty
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Converts to Catholicism, and does not have Charles II's ability to compromise. He provoked the Revolution that Charles II tried to avoid. Used power to suspend or dispense with acts of parliment.
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Settled major issues between the king and parliement. Served as a model for the U.S. bill of rights. Formed a base for the stead expansion for civil libertires in 18th and early 19th centruy England.