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Ruled over Spain
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Ruled over England
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The first proclaimed Tsar of Russia
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Ruled over Spain
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Queen of England
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One of the longest and most brutal wars in human history. The king of Bohemia tried to impose Catholicism throughout his domains.
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King Charles I and Parliament faced off over long standing disputes about religious freedom and how the "three kingdoms" of England, Scotland and Ireland should be governed.
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Ruled over France
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The Tsar of Russia
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Permanently established Parliament as the ruling power of England-- and, later, the United Kingdom-- representing a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.
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A major European conflict that arose after the death of the last Spanish Habsburg king, Charles II. It was a struggle to determine whether the vast possessions of the Spanish Empire should pass to the House of Bourbon or to the House of Habsburg.
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The commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France, and by the antagonism between Prussia and Austria. Austrian Habsburg tried to win back the province of Silesia.
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Ruled over France
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Louis XVI called an assembly to pass proposals for new taxes. The Third estate formed a national assembly and, against the wishes of the king invited the other two estates to join. -
The deputies of the Third estate were locked out of their meeting hall, so they went to an indoor tennis court. During their meeting, they took an oath never to separate until a written constitution had been established for France. -
An expression of universal human rights-- those rights that are true at all times and in all places-- that served as one of the foundational documents. -
A riot that took place during this first stage of the French Revolution. It was spontaneously organized by women in the marketplaces of Paris and they complained over the high price and scant availability of bread, marching from Paris to Versailles. -
Ultimately unwilling to cede his royal power to the Revolutionary government, Louis XVI was found guilty of treason and condemned to death.He was executed by guillotine. -
A period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions. France's revolutionary government ordered the arrest and execution of thousands of people.
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Robespierre and a number of his followers were arrested at the Hotel de Ville in Paris. The next day Robespierre and 21 of his followers were taken to the Place de la Revolution, where they were executed by guillotine before a cheering crowd. -
During the coronation, he snatched the crown from the hands of Pope Pius VII and crowned himself, thus displaying his rejection of the authority of the Pontiff. -
The British Army fought a war in the Iberian Peninsula against the invading forces of Napoleon's France.
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Napoleon and his troops invade Russia. The campaign failed, however, because Napoleon and his men ran out of food, and could not survive the harsh weather conditions.
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Napoleon's objective was to rout the Imperial Russian army and force Csar Alexander I to return to the Continental System. Napoleon failed to conquer Russia because of faulty logistics, poor discipline, disease, and weather.
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In the Treaty of Fontainebleau, Napoleon was banished to the Mediterranean island of Elba -
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The last emperor of Russia