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Incorporated a number of independent Spanish dominions into their kingdom and in 1478 introduced the Spanish Inquisition, a powerful and brutal force of homogenization in Spanish society. -
He sent two of his wives, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard, to their deaths on the executioner's block at the Tower of London. -
During it a secure Church of England was established.
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Effectively ended the French Wars of Religion by granting official tolerance to Protestantism. -
Ferdinand and Isabel defeated the last Muslim strong-hold in Spain, the kingdom of Granada. -
The actions of Emperor Ferdinand II in forcing the protestants into Catholicism. -
The petition sought recognition of four principles: no taxation without the consent of Parliament, no imprisonment without cause, no quartering of soldiers on subjects, and no martial law in peacetime. -
He oversaw the administrative and financial reorganisation of his realm, and also set up manufactures and worked to boost trade.
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To ensure that Parliament met every three years and could not be dissolved without its own consent. -
Ended the Thirty and Eighty Years Wars and created the framework for modem international relations. -
The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory. -
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Peter the Great modernized Russia.
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The country was invaded by a foreign army and its King fled, as the Crown was offered by Parliament to his own nephew and son-in-law.
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The Bill firmly established the principles of frequent parliaments, free elections and freedom of speech within Parliament. -
Locke proposed that government emerges from the consent of the government to protect their natural rights, which is the thesis of what is now called social contract theory. -
"Robinson Crusoe" tells the 'true story', narrated retrospectively in the first person, of a young Englishman who, against the wishes of his parents, sets sail on a dangerous sea voyage. -
Narrated by the fictitious persona of Lemuel Gulliver, who tells the story of his extensive global voyages, the places he has been and the people (and other creatures) he met. -
Greatly enlarged Prussia's territories and made Prussia the foremost military power in Europe.
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"The Spirit of Laws" was a comparative study of three types of governments: republic, monarchy, and despotism. -
Shaping and spreading the kind of progressive thinking that eventually led to the French Revolution.
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The war was driven by the commercial and imperial rivalry between Britain and France, and by the antagonism between Prussia (allied to Britain) and Austria (allied to France). -
Candide is the illegitimate nephew of a German baron. -
He pushed through a British victory in the Seven Years' War, led England's successful resistance to Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, and presided over the loss of the American Revolution.
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Catherine westernized Russia.
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He ordered the abolition of serfdom; by the Edict of Toleration he established religious equality before the law, and he granted freedom of the press.
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Several colonists were killed and this led to a campaign by speech-writers to rouse the ire of the citizenry. -
American colonists, frustrated and angry at Britain for imposing “taxation without representation,” dumped 342 chests of tea, imported by the British East India Company into the harbor. -
Authorized the Royal Navy to blockade Boston Harbor because “the commerce of his Majesty's subjects cannot be safely carried on there. -
Massachusetts colonists defied British authority, outnumbered and outfought the Redcoats, and embarked on a lengthy war to earn their independence. -
Fighting for their independence from the English monarchy. -
"Wealth of Nations" is about the benefits of the division of labor, competition, and trade. -
British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered his army of some 8,000 men to General George Washington. -
Ending the War of the American Revolution. -
Informing the public of the provisions of the proposed new government. -
An idea of the Constituent Assembly, which was formed by the assembly of the Estates General to draft a new Constitution, and precede it with a declaration of principles. -
Fearing a royalist conspiracy. -
Fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France's newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege the Bastille, an old fortress that had been used since 1659 as a state prison. -
Prompted by the high price of bread, food scarcity, and by rumors that the Tricolor (French flag) of the revolution had been trampled on and derided by the royalist troops and Louis XVI on October 1 during a special reception for the King's guards. -
In response to the 1789 "Declaration of the Rights of Man" because she wanted to assert women's rights as well as men's. -
Wollstonecraft's work argued that the educational system of her time deliberately trained women to be frivolous and incapable. -
The Convention came about when the Legislative Assembly decreed the provisional suspension of King Louis XVI and the convocation of a National Convention to draw up a new constitution with no monarchy. -
The upheaval was caused by disgust with the French aristocracy and the economic policies of King Louis XVI.
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Members were elected and served for a period of one month. -
Fears of foreign invasion, rumors about counter-revolutionary activity, assassination plots and zealots in the government were all contributing factors.
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It was created in reaction to the puritanical dictatorship that had existed under the Reign of Terror of 1793–94, and it would end up yielding to the more disciplined dictatorship of Napoleon Bonaparte. -
Napoleon reformed the French educational system, developed a civil code (the Napoleonic Code), and negotiated the Concordat of 1801. -
Napoleons 68,000 troops defeated 90,000 Russians and Austrians under General M.I. -
Nelson led Britain to victory over a combined French and Spanish fleet, but was shot and died during the battle. -
Decisive defeat for Napoleon, resulting in the destruction of what was left of French power in Germany and Poland. -
Established new borders and the main five countries were given different territories.
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Napoleon's broken forces gave up and Napoleon offered to step down in favor of his son.
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Napoleon had been exiled to St. Helena after he was defeated by the British at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. -
Stated instead that people could only experience true freedom if they lived in a civil society that ensured the rights and well-being of its citizens.