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Arabs changed the name of Aelia Capitolina to Al- Quds meaning "holy". The dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem. There was a time of peace in Jerusalem until the Muslims destroyed the church.
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The death of Muhammad caused a big challenge in the Muslim community about who would lead the group and keep it unified
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Abu Bakr was the first caliph chosen by Muhammad because he was his relative and an early convert. He expanded the Muslim community, established the 5 pillars, unified everyone and kept faithful to Muhammad.
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Umar was the second caliph chosen by Abu Bakr. Umar saw the world as two different parts, Dar al Islam and Dar El Harb. Dar al Islam was where Islam was practiced and Dar el Hard was where Islam did not exist. Umar expanded the Umah and gave more structure to the government.
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Uthman was the third caliph and was selected because he was Muhammads son in law. While he was leader, it was peaceful but there were financial problems. Uthman compiled the definitive version of the Qur-An which were Muhammads revelations. Uthman was eventually murdered
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The Umayyad Dynasty was conqured by the Abbasid Dynasty and the Umayyad rulers fled to Spain. They settled in Spain
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Libraries, colleges, pulic baths were established. Literature, poetry, architecture flourished. They had advancements in medicine, law, and agriculture. Cordoba was their grand city. They had 21 suburbs, 500 mosques, 300 public baths and 70 libraries.
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Charlemagne failed attempt to drive Muslims from Spain,
Al Andalus is the new name for Spain. -
The Abbasid dynasty moved their capital to Baghdad. The Abbasids compiled a code of law- the Sharlah, which was a guideline of Muslims of how to get to heaven. They created a sophisticated banking system and encouraged building of libraries and universities. They also learned to make paper from the Chinese and translated work into Arabic. They excelled in the learning of medicine, astronomy and math and made navigation and sailing techniques. The Abbasids ended in corruption.
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The Umayyad state was founded by Abd-Al-Rahman in Cordoba.
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Ferdinand and Isabella expelled anyone who was not Christian from Spain.
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They controled the city until World War I
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Brittish control Israel
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After World War I, Israel becomes a state.
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The Umayyads capital was in Damascus, Syria. The Umayyads made many achievements. The Umayyads made a tax system for all Muslims, non- Muslims and converts. They created a coinage uniform throughout the empire. The Umayyads made canals, irrigation systems and mosques. They established Arabic as an official language and made the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. The Umayyads were weakened by discontent and were taken over by the Abbasids.
