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Isabella I unified Spain through her marriage to Ferdinand II of Aragon. -
Ling Henry VIII presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation during his reign.
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The Act of Supremacy was an act that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England.
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Elizabeth I established Protestantism in England, defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, maintained peace inside her previously divided country, and created an environment where the arts flourished during her reign.
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a naval engagement that transpired when a fleet of the Holy League inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras. -
The controversial edict was one of the first decrees of religious tolerance in Europe and granted unheard-of religious rights to the French Protestant minority.
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Don Quixote is a novel about a man and his 'squire' trying to prove that chivalry is not dead and aspiring to be heroes. There are themes of chivalry, romance, and sanity in this two-part novel.
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The Thirty Years' War was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe.
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The Petition of Right was a legal petition asserting a right against the English crown.
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The Long Parliament executed the king, abolished the monarchy and House of Lords, and declared a republic.
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King Louis XIV brought the French monarchy to its peak of absolute power and made France the dominant power in Europe.
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The Peace of Westphalia brought to an end the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years' War. -
In Leviathan, Hobbes argued that the absolute power of the sovereign was ultimately justified by the consent of the governed, who agreed, in a hypothetical social contract, to obey the sovereign in all matters in exchange for a guarantee of peace and security.
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Charles's reign saw the rise of colonization and trade in India, the East Indies, and America.
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Peter the Great ruled Russia together until his brother died in 1696, then he ruled by himself. -
The Glorious Revolution refers to the events of 1688–89 that led to Catholic King James II of England being deposed and replaced on the throne by his Protestant daughter Mary II.
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The English Bill of Rights created a constitutional monarchy in England. -
John Locke refuted the theory of the divine right of kings and argued that all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property -
The novel Robinson Crusoe tells the story of a young and impulsive Englishman that defies his parents' wishes and takes to the seas seeking adventure.
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The meaning behind the book, Gulliver's Travels, is that the author was satirizing the pettiness of human nature in general and attacking the Whigs in particular.
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Frederick II of Prussia expanded and consolidated Prussian lands and transformed his kingdom into a formidable European power.
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The Spirit of Law is a treatise on political theory, as well as a pioneering work in comparative law.
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The Encyclopedia was a twenty-eight-volume reference book published by André Le Breton and edited by translator and philosopher Denis Diderot.
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The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that spanned five continents, though it was known in America as the “French and Indian War.”
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Candid's most central theme is the inadequacy of optimistic thinking.
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George III of England is known for losing the American colonies.
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The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate. -
Catherine championed Enlightenment ideals, expanded her empire's borders, and spearheaded judicial and administrative reforms.
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The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France.
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Joseph II was a Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy.
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When British soldiers killed five colonists because they were being taunted by the colonists. -
The Boston Tea Party was an incident in which 342 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company were thrown from ships into Boston Harbor by American patriots disguised as Mohawk Indians. -
The Intolerable Acts were a series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party.
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One of the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.
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A book that analyses the relationship between work and the production of a nation's wealth in the 1770s. -
The Declaration of Independence was a document that announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain.
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The Battles of Saratoga were the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War
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The Articles of Confederation were an agreement among the 13 original colonies of the United States of America that served as its first frame of government.
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A siege that entrapped a major British army on a peninsula at Yorktown, Virginia, and forced its surrender. The siege virtually ended military operations in the American Revolution.
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Amadeus Mozart was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period
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The US Constitution became the official framework of the government of the United States of America when New Hampshire became the ninth of 13 states to ratify it.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man was a fundamental document of the French Revolution that granted civil rights to some commoners, although it excluded a significant segment of the French population.
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The Tennis Court Oath was a commitment to a national constitution and representative government, taken by delegates at the Estates-General at Versailles. -
The Storming of the Bastille was when a state prison on the east side of Paris, known as the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob. -
The Women's march on Versailles occurred because they were concerned over the high price and scarcity of bread in France.
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The Declaration of the Rights of Women includes 17 articles outlining the basic rights that should be extended to women.
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Mary Wollstonecraft wrote this book with the argument that women should be treated with equal dignity and respect to men, especially regarding education.
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The Radical Phase is when most atrocities took place in the French Revolution.
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The National Convention was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. -
The Committee of Public Safety was a political body of the French Revolution that gained virtual dictatorial control over France during the Reign of Terror
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The Reign of Terror was a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution.
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The Five Man Directory was the governing five-member committee in the French First Republic until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire and replaced by the Consulate.
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Napoleon Bonaparte was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. -
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars.
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The Battle of Austerlitz was one of the most important and decisive engagements of the Napoleonic Wars.
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The Battle of Leipzig resulted in the decisive defeat for Napoleon, resulting in the destruction of what was left of French power in Germany and Poland.
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The Congress of Vienna reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic wars. -
In 1814, Napoleon's broken forces gave up and Napoleon offered to step down in favor of his son. When this offer was rejected, he abdicated and was sent to Elba.
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The European powers were not going to take any chances on Napoleon's possible return. So, they exiled him to the island of St. Helena - a barren, wind-swept rock located in the South Atlantic Ocean.
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Sebastian Bach is celebrated as the creator of many masterpieces of church and instrumental music. His compositions represent the best of the Baroque era. -
The BAttle of Lexington was one of the first military engagements of the Revolutionary War.