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• Linked control of German and northern Italy to title of Emperor of the Romans, which would change into Holy Roman Emperor.
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• Hugh arranged that his son be elected king during his own lifetime. the French monarchy became hereditary instead of elective.
This continued until
• Every subsequent French king has been a descendant of Hugh Capet, including present King of Spain and Grand Duke of Luxembourg. -
• Faith is a precondition for understanding.
• Without faith, there can be no proper knowledge.
• Developed a philosophical proof for the existence of God. -
-Norman invasion
-William I, the Conqueror -
• Conquest of Jerusalem.
• In response, Muslim leaders called for a jihad. -
A complete failure
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• Failed to reconquer Jerusalem.
• The Kings’ Crusade
o Richard the Lion-Hearted o Frederick Barbarossa
o Philip Augustus
o Saladin -
• Sack of Constantinople.
• Latin Empire in the East, 1204 – 1261.
• Deep mistrust between East and West. -
• Explored natural science.
• Retained Christian emphasis on revelation and supernatural.
• Valued experiential knowledge and observation.
• Sought rational explanations for natural phenomena. -
• Valued the study of mathematics.
• Reflection and refraction of light.
• Observed that light travels much faster than sound.
• Understood the anatomy of the eye of vertebrates. -
• Trial by Jury
• Prohibition against arbitrary arrests
• King could not levy taxes without consent of the kingdom. -
• Christians must confess their sins at least once a year.
• Pronouncement of Marriage Banns.
• Physical presence of Jesus in the Eucharist – Transubstantiation. -
• Prohibited private warfare among nobles.
• Established sound, reliable coinage.
• Beloved by his subjects. -
• On Ecclesiastical Power. •Argued that spiritual matters were higher than secular matters and that therefore the pope was always above any secular authority.
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• Avignon was the seat of the papacy. • Papacy was deprived of Italian income, became highly dependent on France. • Became a tool of French royal policy. • Growing anti-papal sentiment among the general laity. • Papal luxury and lack of concern regarding local needs increased anti-papal feelings.
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•Stressed personal relationship between individual and God. •Bible, not the church, is the ultimate source of God’s truth and authority. •Challenged the theory that the path of salvation lay through the church. •Neither church nor sacraments were necessary for salvation. •Denounced wealth of the clergy. •Denied the process of Transubstantiation. •Followers were known as Lollards. •Wycliffe was forced to recant his position. •Many Lollards were burned.
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• Originated in Mongolia, 1331-1332.
• Black Rats and fleas.
• Reached Sicily by 1347.
• The undernourished population fell easily.
• Lasted until 1351.
• Crowded cities most affected.
• About 20 million, 25% mortality.
• God’s punishment for the sins of wicked humanity. -
• English kings ruled large sections of France. • English kings were vassals of the French crown.
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