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The peak of Byzantine empire was under the rule of the emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora.
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Islam had its origins in the Arabian Peninsula. It was created by muhammad, the last prophet.
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The capital was Medina.
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The capital was Damascus.
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Charles Martel was the Mayor of the Palace of Austria.
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Charles Martel stopped the Muslim conquest in Europe by defeating the invading Umayyads in the Battle of Poitiers.
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The capital was Bagdad
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Martel's title of Ma yor palace was passed on to his so Pepin the short. Pepin's reign officially established the Carolingian dynasty.
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The alliance with the papacy that Pepin began was strengthened during the reign of his son Charles. The Pope crowned Charles as the Holy Roman Emperor. He became Charlemgne. His kingdom became the Carolingian Empire.
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Charlemagne's son Louis divided up his kingdom among his sons. Upon his death, the sons fought a civil war, which ended with the Treaty of Verdun. It divided the empire into three kingdoms.
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A schim marked the separation between orthodox and Roman christianity.
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The turks conquered Muslims lands and established the Ottoman Empire.
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