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Augustus, Lepidus, and Mark Antony join forces to create the 2nd Triumvirate
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Augustus, Mark Antony, and Lepidus join forces to create the 2nd Triumvirate.
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Augustus wages war against Cleopatra and Antony after the 2nd Triumvirate ends and Lepidus falls from power
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Augustus wins the Battle of Actium against Cleopatra and Antony, who then flee to Egypt but commit suicide when Augustus (then Octavian) captures the country
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Augustus wages war against Cleopatra and Antony after the 2nd Triumvirate ends and Lepidus falls from power.
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Augustus wins the Battle of Actium against Cleopatra and Antony who then flee to Egypt but commit suicide when Augustus (then Octavian) captures the country.
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Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero
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Augustus starts the Pax Romana.
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Augustus starts the Pax Romana
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A period of peace in the Roman Empire
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A period of peace in Rome.
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Augustus dies of natural causes at the age of 75
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He is the adopted son of Augustus who takes over the role of emperor after Augustus’ death
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Emperor Augustus dies of natural causes at the age of 75.
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He is the adopted son of Augustus who takes over the role of emperor after Augustus' death.
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Tiberius left Rome to stay on the island of Capri. He built villas, prisons, underground dungeons, torture chambers, and places of execution
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Tiberius left Rome to stay on the island of Capri. He built villas, prisons, underground dungeons, torture chambers, and places of execution.
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Tiberius is elected consul of Rome for a fifth time with Sejanus being his co-consul, who takes a lot of power from Tiberius after he marries Livilla, the widow of Tiberius’ son.
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Tiberius was elected consul of Rome for a fifth time with Sejanus being his co-consul, who takes a lot of power from Tiberius after he marries Livilla, the widow of Tiberius’ son.
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Tiberius took part in a ceremonial javelin throwing game. He wrenched his school, which he, in return, lapses into a coma. Caligula, his successor was sent for by his physicians, thinking Tiberius would die. Caligula was named emperor before Tiberius became fully conscious.
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Caligula is named emperor after Tiberius is assumed dead.
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Tiberius took part in a ceremonial javelin throwing game. He wrenched his school, which he, in return, lapses into a coma. Caligula, his successor was sent for by his physicians, thinking Tiberius would die. Caligula was named emperor before Tiberius became fully conscious.
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Tiberius executes a prefect of the Praetorian Guard, Naevius Sutorius Macro.
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Caligula marches with an army into Gaul and plunders thoroughly.
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Caligula is murdered at the Palatine Games by Cassius Chaerea, Cornelius Sabinus, and others.
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Claudius is unexpectedly appointed emperor following Caligula’s murder, he was discovered trembling in the palace by a soldier.
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Claudius annexes Mauretania in North Africa and made two provinces: Caesariensis in the east and Tingitana in the west.
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Claudius annexes Iturea, also known as northeastern Palestine, to the province of Syria.
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Claudius is poisoned by Julia Agrippina, using mushrooms.
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Nero, the stepson of Claudius comes to power at the age of 17 after Claudius is poisoned and Agrippina insists to the Senate and Praetorian Guard on Nero being proclaimed emperor. Agrippina, he mother, had always wanted Nero to come to power and paved the way for him after taking out enemies among the palace advisors and Claudius himself.
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Nero orders Agrippina, his mother, be put to death after she had gone mentally insane
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Began in the slums of district south of Palatine Hill. It raged for 3 days and was fueled by high winds. Many believe that Nero is the cause for the fire so he could rebuild Rome the way he wanted.
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Nero has the city reconstructed in the Greek style after the great fire destroys 3 of the 12 districts in Rome. Only 4 districts went untouched by the fire.
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Galba refuses to pay the praetorians a sum of money that was promised to them. In return, they assassinated Galba’s ally, Nymphidius.
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Otho joins the rebellion against Nero led by Galba.
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Nero hears about the revolts growing throughout the empire but he only laughs and does not take any action against them. The Senate condemned Nero to die a slave’s death, but he fled and stabbed himself in the throat.
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Vindex invites Galba to be emperor and to head a rebellion against Nero. Before then, Galba was the governor of Nearer Spain for 8 years.
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Galba and Piso Licianus, his heir, are murdered by the praetorians who were in favor of Otho, Galba’s ally that was not chosen as Galba’s predecessor. (January 15, 69 AD)
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Legions of Upper Germany joined the legions of Lower Germany and proclaimed Vitellius emperor, after they refuse to vote allegiance to Galba. (January 2, 69 AD)
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Otho commits suicide after his army was defeated at Bedriacum.
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Vitellius’ armies fight the forces of Otho at Bedriacum and win. Otho commits suicide and Vitellius becomes emperor. (April 69 AD)
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Vitellius’ troops are defeated in a second battle of Bedriacum and Vespasian’s brother, Flavius Sabinus wants Vitellius to renounce his throne. (October 69)
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Otho organizes a conspiracy against Galba and prepares to seize power after Piso was chosen as Galba’s successor over him. (January 15, 69 AD)
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Aulus Vitellius is proclaimed emperor by his men. He is supported by most governors of Spain, Gaul, and Britain, along with the armies of Upper Germany. But he isn't officially emperor of Rome (January 2, 69 AD)
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Vespasian’s army attacks Rome and Vitellius is murdered.
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Vespasian’s position as emperor is officially confirmed after his army attacks Rome and murders Vitellius (December 69).
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Galba, Otho, Aulus Vitellius, and Vespasian
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Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian
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Vespasian returns to Rome from Alexandria. Announces that he is increasing taxes in multiple Greek-speaking provinces and cities.
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Vespasian argues with a few doctrinaire senators over his sons succeeding him. He executes Helvidius Priscus.
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Vespasian contracts undulant fever, avoids proper care, and dies after catching a chill during a late night swim.
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Titus succeeds Vespasian peacefully after his death.
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Titus completes the Flavian Amphitheatre, known as the Colosseum.
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Titus dies unexpectedly at 41 years old and it is believed to be caused by his brother, Domitian.
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Domitian gains power after the unexpected death of his brother, Titus.
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Domitian becomes censor for life and gains control over senatorial membership and behavior.
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Regarded as a time of terror under Domitian’s rule.
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Domitian executed his cousin Flavius Clemens which brought fear to even his closest associates.
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A conspiracy caused Domitian’s murder which was led by two praetorian prefects, palace officials, and Domitia Longina (his own wife).
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Nerva becomes emperor after the assassination of Domitian.
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Nerva, Trajan. Hadrian. Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
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Nerva insures succession by adopting his colleague Marcus Trajanus, governor of a German province.
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Nerva dies and is laid to rest in the Mausoleum of Augustus.
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Emperor Nerva dies and Trajan is accepted as emperor by both armies and the Senate.
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Trajan returns to Rome after making preparations for a campaign into Dacia.
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Trajan creates a new province of Dacia, north of the Danube River, which provided land for Roman settlers, opened mines of gold and salt, and established a defensive zone against nomads from southern Russia.
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Emperor Trajan dies as he is weak, discouraged, and ill.
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Trajan adopts Hadrian and 3 days later dies. Hadrian is appointed emperor
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Antoninus is assigned to assist with judicial administration in Italy. He then becomes an advisor to Emperor Hadrian
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Hadrian goes on a tour of the empire to inspect troops and examine frontier defenses.
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Hadrian leaves Rome to resolve revolts and conflicts arising in Judaea.
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Hadrian arranges for Verus to succeed him. Verus is adopted by Antoninus, who is older and was also adopted by Hadrian.
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Antoninus is adopted by Hadrian and designated as his successor.
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The Antonine Wall is built 100 miles north of Hadrian’s Wall.
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The main formal emperorship powers were conferred upon Marcus Aurelius (imperium and tribunicia potestas). He was basically a junior co-emperor.
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Antonine dies of a fever after eating Alpine cheese.
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Marcus Aurelius became emperor following Antoninus’ death, and it was an easy transition.
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Marcus set out on an expedition across the Danube with Verus his brother. While gone, German tribes invaded Italy and besieged Aquileia.
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Marcus Aurelius dies at his military headquarters.
