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The first Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-to-late 1700s when innovation led to goods being produced in large quantities due to machine manufacturing.
his lead to several changes in society.T -
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The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), gaining independence from the British Crown and establishing the United States as the first nation-state founded on Enlightenment principles of liberal democracy.
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In 1773, the British Parliament passed the Tea Act wich gave the English East India company a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies. This hurt american traders,who responded by attaking British ships loaded with tea in the Boston harbour. -
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of the United States -
On 4th July 1776, the representatives of the Thirteen Colonies met in the Continental Congress of Philadelphia. There, they signed the Declaration of Independence of the Unites States of America.
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Adam Smith wrote it, according to him, economic activity should be governed by the principle of economic freedom
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Britain recognised the United States as an independent nation in the treaty of Versailles.
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First constitution in history
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The French Revolution was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy.
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It was an assembly of all three states. There the Listsof Grievances was presented
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introduced a series of measures that marked the end of the Old Regime.
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On 14th July 1789, the people of Paris attacked the Bastille, a medieval fortress that had become a prison and a symbol of absolutism. -
it was formed by the assembly of the Estates General to draft a new Constitution, and precede it with a declaration of principles. There were many proposals.
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It was formed in October 1791, it lasted for less than a year
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First French constitution.
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Period of time when Girondins governed
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A National Convention governed France from September 1792. The convention immediately abolished the monarchy, and France became a Republic.
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Period of time when the Jacobins governed.
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Louis XVI was judged and condened by the Convention for treason, and he was executed by guillotine in January 1793
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Robespierre gradually lost support. In 1794, moderate revolutionaries arrested Robespierre and his followers, who were then executed by guillotine.
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A moderate government was led by a five-member Directory while legislative power was held by two chambers.
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He was a radical and conspired against the government. The Conspiracy of the Equals was led by him
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A Consulate was created in 1799, in which authority was supposed to be shared between three consuls.
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Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and the first French Empire started.
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In Spin many people considered that Joseph, who became José I, was not the legitimate monarch. This led tu uprisings that marked the beginning of the Spanish War of Independence.
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Brought back Constitution of 1812
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There was a period of liberal goverment in Spain following a military uprising against the absolute monarchy of Fernando VII
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It was a three-year liberal period
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The Greeks revolted successfully against the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of independence 1821-29
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In 1830, the absolutist monarch Charles X was deposed and replaced by Louis Philippe of Orleans, who was more liberal.
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An uprising in the Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of the creation of the new state of Belgium
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The First Carlist War was a dynastic and ideological conflict. There were two sides:
-The liberals: who supported Isabel
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free custom union of german-speakers territories without Austria, it was made by Prussia
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promoted the policy of suppressing and selling church properties
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popular protests such as the Munity of la Granja by the progressives and obligated Maria Cristina to hand over the government to the progressives.
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Narváez's pronunciamiento ended the regency of Espartero.
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France: The monarchy of King Louis Philippe had become conservativeand corrupt. in February 1848, the king was deposed .
Germany:Demostrations in cities called for Germannationa unity and liberal reforms guaranteeins individual liberties.
The Habsburg Empire. There were many different nationalities in the territories ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs, and a national movement in Hungary fought for independence. -
pronunciamiento against the government in 1854 by General Leopoldo O'Donnell. -
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Some nations like Italy and Germany, were divided into many state, but gradually discovered their shared identity. The e new nation states of Italy and Germany were established in the 19th century
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In 1868, Genrals Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim led a Pronunciamiento to depose Isabel II. This was called the Glorious revolution. It was succesful and the Queen was forced to live Spain. This marked the beginning of the Sexenio Democratico. -
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Rapid advances in the creation of steel, chemicals and electricity helped fuel production, including mass-produced consumer goods and weapons. It became far easier to get around on trains, automobiles and bicycles. At the same time, ideas and news spread via newspapers, the radio and telegraph -
Between 1872 and 1876, there was anew Carlist uprising, which received support in Navarre, the Basque County and in some parts of Catalonia.
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The First Spanish Republic lasted from 1873 to 1874, under four different presidents. It faced numerous problems:
- The Cantonal Revolution
- Third Carlist War
- Cuban Revellion against Spanish rule
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