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Period: to
Conflict between north and south Sudan
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Southern Corps of the Army
The Southern Corps of the army, commanded by northern officers but consisting almost entirely of southern troops, mutinied. -
Independence in Sudan
Sudan gained independence from the British government. -
Promoting Islam
General Ibrahim Abboud set out to promote Islam and the use of Arbic in the south in the belief that this would encourage national unity. -
Anyanya's guerrilla attack
After Sudan African Nationalist Union proclaimed their goal as independence for the south, armed groups of dissidents known as Anyanya launched a sustained guerrilla attack. -
Period: to
First Civil War
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General Abboud's step down
After he stepped down, the northern politicians who succeeded him rejected any form of self-determination or regional autonomy for the south and pursued the same policies of repression. There goal was the establishment of an Islamic republic. -
Revolutionary Command Council
A military coup led by Gaafar Numeiri determined to sweep aside religion-based political groups, but faced 2 big challenges. -
First challenge of RCC
It came from conservative forces led by Imam al-Hadi al-Mahdi, but they were crushed by Numeiri's army. -
Second challenge of RCC
It came from communist dissidents within the army who staged a brief coup. They imprisoned Numeiri, but they were overwhelmed by loyal troops. -
End of the First Civil War
Numeiri sought an accommodation with the south. At peace negotiations with the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement, he agreed to allow the south a wide measure of local autonomy. The three southern provinces were linked together as a separate region endowed with its own elected assembly and executive authority, while Anyanya were accepted into the Sudanese army. -
The discovery of oil deposits in the south
The south wanted an oil refinery to be built in the south. However, Numeiri ordered the construction of an oil refinery in the north and a pipeline to the Red Sea for the direct export of crude oil. -
Islamic Revolution
Numeiri wanted Sudan to be an Islamic republic, governed by Islamic law. -
SPLM
Sudan People's Liberation Movement was formed, with Colonel John Graang de Mabior as its leader. He called not for southern secession but for a united secular and socialist Sdan, free of Islamist rule. -
Period: to
Second Civil War
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Severe famine
The devistation of war culminated in the most severe famine in Sudan's modern history. Both sides used food as a weapon, inflicting hunger as a key military strategy. -
Pre-emptive coup by the NIF
Sadiq entered into negotiations with the SPLM, agreeing to freeze the implementation of Islamic law as part of a peace process. However, the coup not only scuppered peace negotiations, but also placed Sudan in the hands of Islamic militants determined to impose their own brand of Islamic rule on the country. -
Machakos Protocol
It is signed in July 2002 and finalized in 2004, The NIF government and the SPLM reached agreement on several key issues. Through this, the south was accorded the right to self-determination. -
War in Darfur
It happened when the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) groups in Darfur accused the Sudanese government of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favor of Sudanese Arabs. -
Final peace settlement
Final peace settlement was signed. The question of religion was dealt with by treating the north and the south seperately. However, no consideration was given to the option of establishing a secular state for the whole of Sudan.
