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Cánovas del Castillo, the leader of the Conservative Party, wrote a manifesto, signed in Sandhurst, where Alfonso XII promised a constitutional government. Becoming the king of Spain and achieving the Queen Isabella´s abdication in favour of Alfonso XII, who was her son, also the support of the bourgeoisie and the army, anxious for political stability.
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In 1875 the monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII of Borboun (1875-1885), son of Isabella II. This period was known as the "Restoration" or "The Bourbon Restoration".
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The Spanish Socialist Workers´ Party (PSOE) was founded by Pablo Iglesias and consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period.
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After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina while her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child.
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Written by Prat de la Riba, in which the proposals of the Catalan nationalism were declared, demanding official status for the catalan language, the establishment of Catalan political parties and courts, and Catalan autonomy.
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Spanish fleets were destroyed by the U.S in the wars of the Pacific (Philippines) and the Atlantic (Cuba and Puerto Rico), so Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Treaty of Paris, were they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. They were able to achieve the independence thanks to the help of U.S, which declared war on Spain after the sinking of the U.S Navy battleship Maine in the Havana Harbour in April of 1898, accusing Spain of having caused the blast.
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Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo´s political system, the influence of regenerationism (an intelectual and political movement that sought to solve the country´s deep-rooted problems, such as political corruption, camed due to the Treaty of Paris in 1898) and the deaths of Cánovas (1897) and Sagasta (1903).
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The south of Morocco was under the Spanish control and the north under France. Spanish occupation of the French protectorate led to a war with the inhabitants of the Rif; a war that in 1909 required reservists to be called up. This set off violent protests in harsh repression by Maura´s conservative government making the liberals to break their pact of rotation with him.
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An event which occured in "The crisis of the Cánovas system (1917-1923) ", in which Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco, resulting in 10 000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion.
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Into the reign of Alfonso XIII, we can find the coup d´état by General Primo de Rivera, who imposed a dictatorship supported by the king.
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After the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931. The left-wing parties won a majority and drafted a new constitution, which is "The Constitution of 1931", and it established a wide range of rights like expression, popular sovereignty, separation of powers...etc
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The citizens´ disapproval of the king´s support for the dictatorship led to significant Republican victories in the 1931 municipal elections for several major cities. The king went into exile and the Second Republic was declared. Ending with the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera.
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The new government halted the majority of the previous reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. Sparking the October Revolution of 1934, which was most intense in Asturias and Barcelona.
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Political violence reached its peak in what was known as the Tragic Spring of 1936, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists.
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It starts with a coup d´état in Melilla, Tetuan and Ceuta, spreading throughout Spain, having success in rural areas, yet failing in the more industrialised urban areas. The country was divided into two zones, the Republican which had the support of soldiers with a progressive mentality, landless peasants, petit bourgeoisie, Republicans, and left-wing parties, and the uprising, supported by conservative soldiers, landowners, high bourgeosie, monarchists, Carlists and many Catholics.
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An attack of the German air force´s Condor Legion (Troops abroad Spain, of Nazi Gremany) to help the insurgents to control key industrial and mining areas in the Cantabrian Coast, for the objective of take the city of Madrid.
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The Civil War ended with the victory of the insurgents and the taking of Madrid with no resistance, the Republicans losed the war.
