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Spanish conquistadores led by Francisco Pizarro defeat the Incas whose empire subsequently becomes part of the Vice-royalty of Peru with its capital in Lima.
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Failed revolt against Spanish led by Tupac Amaru II, who claimed to be descended from last Inca emperor.
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General Jose de San Martin captures Lima from Spanish and proclaims Peru independent.
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Peru and Bolivia join in short-lived confederation.
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Some 80,000-100,000 Chinese workers arrived in Peru to do menial jobs such as collecting guano.
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Peru and Spain are at war.
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Peru and Bolivia are defeated by Chile during the Pacific War in which Peru loses territory in the south to Chile.
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Brief border war with Ecuador. Under the 1942 Rio Protocol Ecuador cedes some disputed territory to Peru.
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Civilian government ousted in coup led by General Juan Velasco Alvarado, who introduces populist land reform programme and carries out large-scale nationalisations.
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New Libertad movement led by writer Mario Vargas Llosa blocks plans to nationalise banks as Peru faces bankruptcy.