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The independence of Latin America was the historical process of the
rebellion of its inhabitants against Spanish colonial rule and the formation of
independent national states. It began with the proclamation of Sovereign
Boards in 1809. Some of them - especially the first that of Quito - were
repressed by fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. The process
continued until it became a true continental war. -
1793 - 1802: Francois Dominique Toussaint - Louverture.
1803: Jean Jacques Dessalines definitely defeated the French troops.
1804: Declared the independence of Haiti.
1822: Haiti submits the eastern part (Dominican Republic)
1865: Dominican Republic achieves its independence. -
1807: Napoleon invaded Portugal, Juan VI took refuge in Brazil
1815: Juan VI promoted a legal reform - Brazil: the territorial base of the "Empire of Brazil, Portugal and the Algarve".
1821: Juan VI returned to Portugal, leaving his son Pedro de Braganza as governor of Brazil.
1822: He proclaimed himself emperor of Brazil.
1831: He abdicated and was succeeded by his son, Pedro II.
1889: Portugal recognized its independence. -
When proclaiming the Sovereign Boards, the
South American Creoles held three theses:
The rejection of Napoleon's claims to
America, the loyalty to Ferdinand VII and,
most importantly, the illegitimacy of both
Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial
authorities appointed by the Spanish king,
who no longer had any power. -
The Spanish authorities fiercely repressed the first of the cities to form a
Sovereign Junta. They tried to prevent the contagion. The viceroys of Lima
and Bogota immediately sent troops with the order to besiege Quito and not
allow "a grain of salt" to enter. After the defeat, the armies of Lima and
Bogota occupied the city, and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered
300 patriots and citizens, which shook entire America. -
1810: Wave of hunger - Miguel Hidalgo in the town of Dolores.
1811: Guadalajara.
1811 - 1815: First Constitution of Mexico - José María Morelos.
1812: Plan of Iguala: Agustin Iturbide proclaims himself emperor.
1833: Lopez de Santa Anna was proclaimed president of the Republic.
1839: Spain recognizes independence. -
1821: Guatemala's provinces
United Provinces of the Center of America.
Capital: City of Guatemala.
1824: Central American Federal Republic.
1838: José Francisco Morazán - separation.
1838 - 1840: Civil War
1841: England invaded Belize.
1904: Panama part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. -
1848: Scream of Yara.
First War of Independence called Ten Years War or Big War.
Jose Martí organizes the Cuban Revolutionary Party.
1898: The US declares war on Spain.
1899: Cuba proclaimed its independence. -
1868: the Scream of Lares.
The rebellion is crushed in a short time.
Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain.
Puerto Rico is still administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country .
Consequently, it is not an independent country. -
To the causes, we must add
the events that precipitated the
independence. One of them is
that on May 5, 1808 Napoleon
imprisoned Charles IV and his
son Ferdinand VII and forced
them to abdicate in his favor. -
Economic: The Bourbon reforms drowned the economy of the
colonies by preventing intraregional trade and imposing excessive
taxation.
Social:was resentment over the prerogatives of the Spaniards. The
disputes between Spaniards and creoles for management positions
extended to all areas.
Ideological: The forerunners of independence became aware of the
differences between the colonies and the metropolis, highlighted.