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This manifesto was written by Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, where he promised a constitutional government.
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Son of the queen Isabel II and the king Francisco Asis de Borbón. The beginning of his reign ended the First Republic and gave way to the period known as the Restoration.
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The Spanish Socialist Workers's Party (PSOE) was founded by Pablo Iglesias in 1879 and was consolidated by the huge surge in the labour movement during this period.
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After the death of Alfonso XII in 1885, the Restoration was maintained by the regency of Maria Christina while her son, Alfonso XIII, was still a child.
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The Bases de Manresa are the document presented as a Catalan regional constitution project a presentation by the Catalan Union before the council of representatives of Catalan associations gathered in Manresa.
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War erupted in the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. In both conflicts, Spanish fleets were destroyed by the US. Spain was forced to sign the 1898 Treaty of Paris, where they recognised the independence of Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines.
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Alfonso XIII acceded to the throne in 1902 in a political environment characterised by the crisis of Cánovas del Castillo's political system.
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Spanish occupation of its protectorate led to a war with the inhabitanrs of the Rif; a war that in 1909 required reservists to be called up. the majority of whom were fathers. This set off violent protests in Barcelona, which became known as the Tragic Week of 1909. The harsh repression by Maura's conservative government caused the liberals to break their pack of rotation with him.
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Abroad, Spain suffered a brutal defeat in the Rif War against Morocco, resulting in 10000 deaths and widespread public commotion, negatively influencing public opinion.
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The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera went through two stages: the military Directory and the Civil Directory.
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After the Seconds Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June 1931.
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After the Second Republic was proclaimed, a provisional government was formed, made up of Republicans, socialists and nationalists who held elections for the Constituent Cortes in June.
The letf-wing parties won a majority and drafted a new constitution. -
The new government halted the majorityof the previous reforms, which led to an increase in strikes and more actions by left-wing parties. CEDA then demanded positions in the government. This sparked the October Revolution of 1934, which was the most intense in Asturias and Barcelona
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Political violence reached its peak, consisting of a wave of attacks and street violence between staunch falangist, communist and anarchist activists.
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The coup d'etat began in Melilla, Tetuan and Ceuta. The next day it spread throughout Spain, having success in rural areas, yet failing in the more industrialised urban areas. The country was divided into two zones, the Republican zone and the Nationalist zone, and the military coup turned into a long Civil War.
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The war then moved to the Cantabrian coast and involed harsh battles, as reflected by the bombing of Gernika by the German air force's Condor Legion. The German air force enabled the insurgents to control key industrial and mining areas.
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The war then moved to the mediterranean, where the insurgents intended to divide the Republicans zone in two. To prevent this from happening, the Republicans launched an offensive known as the ´´ Battle os the Ebro´´ that led to many casualties on both sides. The insurgents advanced, took Catalonia in 1939 and entered Madrid with no resistance. The Civil War ended on 1 April 1939.
