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Haitian Revolution
Nearly 500,000 enslaved Africans worked on French plantations, they out numbered their masters dramatically. White masters though used brutal methods to terrorize them and keep them powerless. While the French Revolution was taking place, oppressed people in the French colony rose up against their French masters. In August 1791, 100,000 enslaved Africans rose in revolt. A leader soon emerged, Toussaint L'Ouverture and by 1891 had taken control of the entire island and freed all the salves. -
Mexican War of Independence
In 1810, Miguel Hidalgo, took the firsts step toward independence. He had firm ideas over the enlightenment ideals. On September 16, 1810 he issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish. Hidalgo's Indian and mestizo followers began to a march toward Mexico City. Mexico's creoles feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanish controlled colony. So they united in support of Mexico's independence from Spain. Augustin de Iturbide proclaimed independence in 1821. -
Latin America wars fo indepence (south,San Martin)
San Martin's Argentina had declared its independence in 1816. In 1817, San Martin led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. Bolivar's army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, 1824. In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia. -
Lain American wars of Indepndence (North, Simon Bolivar)
Simon Bolivar' native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in 1811. Bolivar's volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeat, along with Bolivar going into exile twice. However in August 1819. Bolivar led over 2,000 soldiers on a daring march throught Andes (Columbia). He took the Spanish the Spanish army in Bogotá completely by surprise and won a decisive victory. By 1821, Bolivar had won Venezuela's independence. -
Brazilian Independence
For 14 years the Portuguese ran their empire from Brazil. After Napoleon’s defeat in 1815, King John and the Portuguese government decided to make Brazil a colony again. In 1822, creoles demanded Brazil’s independence from Portugal. Eight thousand Brazilians signed a petition asking Dom Pedro to rule. He agreed on September 7, 1822 to official declare Brazil’s independence. Brazil had won its independence in a bloodless revolution. -
Greek Revolution
The cause of Greek independence was popular with people around the world. Such as, educated Europeans and Americans loved and respected ancient Greek culture. Eventually, as popular support for Greece grew, the powerful nations of Europe took the side of the Greeks. In 1827, a combined Britain, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the battle of Navision. In 1830, Britain, France and Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece. -
Itilian Unification
Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the largest/powerful of the Italian states. The kingdom adopted a liberal constitution in 1848. In 1852, using skillfully diplomacy and well-chosen alliances Camillo di Cavour about gaining control of northern Italy for Sardinia. As Cavour was uniting northern Italy he secretly started helping nationalist in southern Italy. In 1866, the Austrian province of Venetia, became part of Italy. -
German Unification
By 1867, a few southern German states remained independent of Prussian control. Bismarck was an expert manufacturing "incidents" to gain his ends. The French reacted to Bismarck's deception by declaring war on Prussia on July 19, 1870. The Franco War was the final stage in the German Unification. January 18, 1871, at the captured French Place of Versailles, King Wilhelm I of Prussia was crowned Kaiser and he achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe. -
Romanticism
At the end of the 18th century, the Enlightment idea of reason gradually gave way to a major movement in art and ideas. This movement reflected deep interest both in nature/ in the thoughts and feelings of the individual. Romantic thinkers/writers reacted against ideals of the Enlightment. They turned from reason to emotion, from society to nature. The ideas included emphasizing inner feelings, focused on the mysterious, idealized the past as a simpler/nobler time and many more ideas. -
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