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This period is a very important time period of the world. Many great ideas about government were brought up during this time period. People like John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and many more really shined during this period with their thoughts about government.
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This book is written by Thomas Hobbes and it is all about the government. Hobbes writes about being concerned about the structure of government. It argues that the government should be an absolute monarch and it is one of the most influential topics during the Enlightenment.
https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/hobbess-leviathan# -
This is a very well written book written by the great Enlightenment thinker John Locke. The ideas of natural rights is brought up in this book and is one of the main focus points. Locke also writes about limited government by a constitution.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Two-Treatises-of-Government -
In this writing Baron de Montesquieu argues that he wanted a constitutional government and that the country needs this. He also wanted the government to separate powers and he created the three branch government.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-
worldhistory2/chapter/baron-de-montesquieu/ -
The Social Contract is a theory or philosophy that talks about the authority government has over a citizen. It also talks about how people give away some of their freedoms to their government. Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote the Social Contract.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_contract#:~:text=In%20moral%20and%20political%20philosophy,the%20state%20over%20the%20individual.&text=In%20this%20condition -
This meeting was called by King Louis XVI. He summoned everyone to the meeting hall to discuss the financial problems of the country. He and the upper estates almost ignored all the third estates problems about taxes.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-beginning-of-revolution/#:~:text=The%20Estates%2DGeneral%20of%201789%20was%20the%20first%20meeting%20since,in%20May%20and%20June%201789. -
This period is a dark time for the people of France because many people were struggling to stay alive. The third estate had to pay so many taxes and they barely had any money. They started to revolutionize for a new constitution.
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The Tennis Court Oath is a protest that the third estate had when they were locked out of the meeting hall. They wanted a new constitution but the other estates wanted no part. https://www.historycrunch.com/tennis-court-oath.html
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The Great Fear was a time during the French Revolution when the Peasants of the country started to kill people in the second estate. People were fearing for their lives, this all happened due to people being unhappy with their government.
https://alphahistory.com/frenchrevolution/great-fear/ -
This was a declaration drafted after the third estate protested. The writing protected the third estate from being taken advantage of. It said all men are born equally.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Declaration-of-the-Rights-of-Man-and-of-the-Citizen -
The Haitian Revolution is the revolution of the people in Haiti. Many people fought for control of the island because they all wanted it to run in a different way. The Haitians ended up winning control of the island.
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The slaves of St.Domingue made France so much money from sugar. They were not being treated fairly so they began to revolt. In 1791 there were 500,000 slaves here and only 30,000 French people.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Haitian-Revolution -
Mary Wollstonecraft wrote this book during the French Revolution. It was written to argue woman's rights and education. She believed all women deserved the same education as men.
https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/mary-wollstonecraft-a-vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman# -
The people of Spain really wanted to take full control over St.Dominique but the English and French were in the way. They decided to declare war against the two of them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_of_Saint-Domingue -
King Louis XVI was executed due to the people in the country being unhappy with it's leadership. He even tried to escape the country that's how much trouble he knew he was in. He was executed by a guillotine.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/king-louis-xvi-executed -
L'Ouverture was a freed slave in Haiti who fought for Haiti's independence from the French. He gave a speech telling the people that the battle will still go on for freedom.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture -
The Reign Of Terror was a battle between the Jacobins who wanted the government to change and the Girodins. Each of them executed each other and people say there were mass executions.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/the-reign-of-terror/#:~:text=The%20Reign%20of%20Terror%20(September,executions%20of%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20enemies%20of -
The slaves in all French colonies were freed up due to revolts and equal rights. This means the the people of St.Dominique might be able to finally take control of Haiti.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean#:~:text=Slavery%20was%20first%20abolished%20by,a%20general%20and%20unconditional%20emancipation. -
The execution of Robespierre happened because of the Reign Of Terror, he was the leader of the Jacobins. He was arrested and executed along with many of his followers.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/robespierre_maximilien.shtml#:~:text=The%20intensification%20of%20the%20'Reign,was%20arrested%20after%20a%20struggle. -
The Directory stopped the executions from continuing on and even stopped the Reign of Terror. They took control of France and ran the government. They overcame challenges, setup elite schools,helped economy recover and even made peace with Spain and Prussia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory -
This war is a key part of the Haitian Revolution. Rigaud and his troops fought L´Ouverture and his men for control of St.Dominique. L´Ouverture was fighting for the people of Haiti because they wanted independence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Knives -
The Consulate government was formed. All of the power went to Napoleon and people were unhappy with this. The powers were said to be split up into three branches but one branch had all the power so people rebelled.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII -
He and his army have now won control over St.Dominique. The people decided for L´Ouverture to become the Commander in Chief because he helped them gain independence.
https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/8.html#:~:text=Louverture%20is%20proclaimed%20the%20colony's,is%20essentially%20a%20military%20dictatorship. -
L´Ouverture made a new constitution for the people of Haiti. He ends up being named governor for life which is wrong because the people of Haiti fought so they wouldn´t have one leader in power. They became angry with this.
https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/loverture-toussaint-1743-1803/#:~:text=By%201801%2C%20although%20Saint%20Dominque,rest%20of%20his%20glorious%20life.%E2%80%9D -
After beating the French troops led by Napoleon, Jean Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti independent. He also named Haiti.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/haitian-independence-proclaimed#:~:text=Two%20months%20after%20his%20defeat,after%20its%20original%20Arawak%20name.&text=In%201804%2C%20General%20Dessalines%20assumed,independent%20nation%20in%20the%20Americas. -
These revolutions happened all over these two parts of the world. Leaders like Simon Bolivar shined during this period. Spain was controlling these parts of the world until the natives to these lands stood up for themselves.
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Mexico had been under Spain´s control for some time now and they were sick of it. The Creoles of the country pushed for independence and they were even educated on the Enlightenment. They finally won the battle in 1820 when the king of Spain had to sign a new constitution.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spain-accepts-mexican-independence -
Simon Bolivar pushed for independence in the countries of South America. He is also known as the liberator. He fought for many countries starting with Venezuela.
https://stampaday.wordpress.com/2018/05/24/simon-bolivar-el-libertador-de-venezuela/ -
Peru fought against Spain in their independence. This battle lasted for many years. The Peru troops were weak due to the number of them so they brought in the Liberator, Simon Bolivar. He helped them win independence.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Peru/Achievement-of-independence -
This is a key part to the revolutions of the Americas. Gran Columbia covers many modern day countries. The army was by guess who, your right Simon Bolivar the Liberator. He fought to gain independence from Spain in these countries.
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/civilization-west-and-rest/killer-apps/property/map-american-expansion-u-s-a-and-gran-colombia/
