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1347
The Black Death
Economic situation the devastating disease helps lay the preconditions for Renaissance. -
Period: 1347 to
Renaissance
Period in European history,from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the culture bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history -
1374
Death of Petrarch
Man called the father of the Renaissance undoubtedly a genius.Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. -
1396
Creation of Chair of Greek in Florence
Teacher Chrysoloras brings a copy of Ptolemy's Geography.Their main role within the Renaissance humanism was the teaching of the Greek language to their western counterparts in universities or privately together with the spread of ancient texts. -
1397
Giovanni de Medici
Moves to Florence. Was an Italian banker, a member of Medici family of Florence, and the founder of the Medici Bank. -
1400
Burni
Panegyric to the City of Florence. Bruni republished the panegyric in the 1430s at a time which the pope was contemplating transferring the Council of Florence to a different city. -
Feb 18, 1516
Mary of England
Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Mary is best known for her aggressive and bloody pursuit. -
May 21, 1527
Philip II OF Spain
Empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including his namesake the Philippines. During his reign, Spain reached the height of its influence and power. This is sometimes called the Golden Age. -
Period: 1550 to
Age of Absolutism
Period after exploration providing European nations with vast overseas empires and wealth that strengthens the kings into absolute monarchs and the exploring.
nations into superpowers, but causes external conflicts, such as religious and colonial. -
1571
Battle of Lepanto
Lepanto marks the last major engagement in the Western world to be fought entirely or almost entirely between rowing vessels, the galleys and galeasses that were still the direct descendants of the ancient trireme warships. -
The Spanish Armada
The Armada chose not to attack the English fleet at Plymouth, then failed to establish a temporary anchorage in the Solent, after one Spanish ship had been captured by Francis Drake in the English Channel. -
Period: to
Enlightenment
The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals like liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state. -
Mary Astell
Woman she had little or no business in the world of commerce, politics, or law. She was born, she died; she owned a small house for some years; she kept a bank account; she helped to open a charity school in Chelsea: these facts the public listings can supply. -
Steam Engine is invented
A heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. -
Period: to
Industrial Revolution
Transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. Period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. -
Montesquieu
He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. He is also known for doing more than any other author to secure the place of the word "despotism" in the political lexicon. -
Voltaire
Voltaire was a versatile and prolific writer, producing works in almost every literary form, including plays, poems, novels, essays, and historical and scientific works. He wrote more than 20,000 letters and more than 2,000 books and pamphlets. -
Louis XIV of France
Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister, the Italian Cardinal Mazarin.[4] An adherent of the concept of the divine right of kings, which advocates the divine origin of monarchical rule. -
Rousseau
Treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. His sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise was of importance to the development of pre-romanticism and romanticism in fiction. -
Spinning Jenny is invented
Key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England. -
James Watt
Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781. -
Holbach
French-German author, philosopher, encyclopedist and prominent figure in the French Enlightenment. He was born Paul Heinrich Dietrich in Edesheim, near Landau in the Rhenish Palatinate, but lived and worked mainly in Paris. -
The First Shot
First military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy. -
British form an alliance
In the American Revolution, gaining freedom was the strongest motive for black slaves who joined the Patriot or British armies. The free black may have been drafted or enlisted at his own volition. Nash says that they enlisted more often than did whites. -
American hold their own at the Battle of Bunker Hill
British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Massachusetts. Despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy, and the battle provided them with an important confidence boost. -
Period: to
American Revolution
Colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain, becoming the United States of America. They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others. -
Loyalist defeated at Moors Creek
Battle of the American Revolutionary War fought near Wilmington in present-day Pender County, North Carolina on February 27, 1776. The victory of North Carolina Revolutionary forces over Southern Loyalists helped build political support for the revolution and increased recruitment of additional soldiers into their forces. -
American declares its independence
Spring of 1776, support for independence swept the colonies, the Continental Congress called for states to form their own governments and a five-man committee was assigned to draft a declaration. -
King Louis XVI
After bad harvest and costly wars, King Louis XVI is forced to convene this ancient assembly in order to raise taxes. -
Period: to
French Revolution
Period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. -
National Assembly
Politically is either a legislature, or the lower house of a bicameral legislature in some countries. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the representatives of the nation. -
Tennis Court Oath
Finding themselves locked out of their usual meeting hall at Versailles on June 20 and thinking that the king was forcing them to disband, they moved to a nearby indoor tennis court. -
Bastille
State prison on the east side of Paris, known as the Bastille, was attacked by an angry and aggressive mob. The prison had become a symbol of the monarchy's dictatorial rule, and the event became one of the defining moments in the Revolution that followed. -
Great Fear
A period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king and the privileged to overthrow the... ... In the provinces the peasants rose against their lords, attacking châteaus and destroying feudal documents. -
Period: to
Napoleonic Era
Period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. -
Italian Campaign
World War II was the name of Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe. Joint Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ) was operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the Mediterranean theatre. -
Emperor Napolean
French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again briefly in 1815. -
Battle of Austerlitz
First engagement of the War of the Third Coalition and one of Napoleon's greatest victories. His 68,000 troops defeated almost 90,000 Russians and Austrians nominally under General M.I. -
Treaty of Tilsit
The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France, when they met on a raft in the middle of the Neman River. -
Russian Campaign
Alexander I, supposedly allied with Napoleon, refused to be part of the continental blockade of British goods any longer. Napoleon's edict barring trade with Great Britain was ruining the Russian economy. -
Alexander Graham Bell
Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and teacher of the deaf whose foremost accomplishments were the invention of the telephone (1876) and the refinement of the phonograph. -
Thomas Edison
Filed for a U.S. patent for an electric lamp using “a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected … to platina contact wires”. The filament was made from a piece of carbonized thread. From coneption to invention, this is one of Thomas Edison's early light bulbs.
