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The Muslim governor of Tangier, Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād, crossed with his main force and defeated Roderick on the Guadalete River. Leads to Tariq’s Invasion (From my Notes)
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it was fought near Clavijo between Christians, led by Ramiro I of Asturias, and Muslims, led by the Emir of Córdoba. Modern historians no longer believe the battle to be historical. "To a serious historian, the existence of the Battle of Clavijo is not even a topic of discussion" https://www.artic.edu/artworks/4019/the-battle-of-st-james-the-greater-at-clavijo
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the Jewish population of Granada, Spain, fell victim to a massacre by an angry Arab crowd -- with an estimated 4,000 killed https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2012-12-30/ty-article/.premium/1066-massacre-in-granada-spain/0000017f-edd8-ddba-a37f-effe7bba0000
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The Siege of Toledo was a key moment in the struggle between the Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. The city was the capital of the Taifa kingdom of al-Andalus and its fall to King Alfonso VI of Castile spurred the Reconquista, the Christian conquest of Muslim Spain. https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Toledo
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The battle was a disaster for the Christians and many of the high nobility of León, including seven counts, died in the fray or were beheaded afterward, while Sancho Alfónsez was murdered by villagers while trying to flee. http://realcrusadeshistory.blogspot.com/2017/11/the-battle-of-ucles-1108.html
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King Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler, known by the Muslims as Ibn Rudmir laid siege to the town of Fraga with an army from Aragon. https://dbpedia.org/page/Battle_of_Fraga
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the forces of Portuguese count Afonso Henriques defeated those led by the Almoravid governor of Córdoba. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Ourique
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The Inquisition was a powerful office set up within the Catholic Church to root out and punish heresy throughout Europe and the Americas.https://www.history.com/topics/religion/inquisition
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The Medieval Inquisition started in 1231 CE when Pope Gregory IX announced the first of several papal bulls that established more efficient inquisitions. https://www.sutori.com/en/item/1231-ce-medieval-inquisition-inquisitions-were-roman-catholic-church-instituti
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born c. 1320, Gerona, Aragon (Spain)-died Jan. 4, 1399, Gerona), Roman Catholic theologian, grand inquisitor at Aragon, and supporter of the Avignon papacy. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-Eymeric
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Thousands were forced to convert to Christianity, this was one of the Middle Ages' worst antisemitic outbreaks. Jews in the Iberian Peninsula at this time were generally disliked, and violence against them was common. Facing death, many Jews converted en masse to Christianism from 1391 on. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833647
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Three days of anti-Semitic riots begin in Córdoba, Castile, against conversos, Jews who had converted to Christianity. City authorities fail in protecting the converso community.
https://www.britannica.com/summary/Spanish-Inquisition-Timeline#:~:text=March%2014%2C%201473,in%20protecting%20the%20converso%20community. -
Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to name inquisitors in order to enforce religious uniformity and to expel Jews from Spain. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Spanish-Inquisition-Key-Facts#:~:text=In%201478%20Pope%20Sixtus%20IV,power%20over%20the%20centralized%20regime.
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Auto da Fe (Act of Faith) twelve conversos were burned alive for allegedly practicing Judaism. https://www.britannica.com/topic/auto-da-fe
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Ending the Granada war, the treaty provided a short truce, followed by the relinquishment in January 1492 of the sovereignty of the Muslim Emirate of Granada to Catholic Spain.https://www.vaguelyinteresting.co.uk/25-november-1491-the-treaty-of-granada-is-signed/
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King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella issued the Alhambra Decree, ordering the expulsion of all Jews from their kingdoms. Jews were forced to convert and leave Judaism behind or leave thousand-year homeland behind. https://www.fau.edu/artsandletters/pjhr/chhre/pdf/hh-alhambra-1492-english.pdf
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prohibiting a wide range of books and insisting that Roman officials should be allowed to examine new works before they were sent for printing. https://inquisition.library.nd.edu/genre-censorship-introduction#:~:text=Pope%20Leo%20X%20issued%20a,they%20were%20sent%20for%20printing.
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Martin Luther nails his "Ninety-Five Theses" on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/protestant-reformation/#:~:text=the%20Catholic%20Church.-,The%20Reformation%20generally%20is%20recognized%20to%20have%20begun%20in%201517,church%20had%20to%20be%20reformed.
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the Roman Inquisition convicted him and burned him at the stake in the middle of the square of Campo de' Fiori in Rome. https://historyhub.info/the-forces-behind-the-killing-of-giordano-bruno/#:~:text=Such%20was%20the%20fate%20of,Rome%20in%20the%20year%201600.
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Maria Cristina signed a Royal Decree officially abolishing the Spanish Inquisition once and for all https://www.britannica.com/topic/Spanish-Inquisition